Extracellular Matrix: The State of the Art in Regenerative Medicine
Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan in Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
There are currently four main categories of stem cells that have the clone ability and differentiate into particular types of cells.Embryonic stem cells: Derived from the initial developmental phase of few days old embryos at the blastocyst stage. It has the potential to differentiate into various cells with a distinct biological response. Such cells are known as pluripotent (Romito and Cobellis 2016).Foetal stem cells: Isolated from aborted human foetuses, especially foetal blood, foetal tissues, and also bone marrow. They have the ability to differentiate but not all cells. They are known as multipotent and have been utilised in the regeneration and repair of damaged tissues/organs (Biehl and Russell 2009).Cord blood and placental stem cells: Obtained from umbilical cord blood and placentas. They possess the therapeutic potential and used in bone-marrow replacement therapies. They are not able to differentiate into all types of cells (Weiss and Troyer 2006).Adult stem cells: They are the most abundant cells, which are used for various therapies/conditions. They are isolated from almost all human tissue and organs. They are known as “somatic stem cells” (Liras 2010).
Environmental Health
Hilary McClafferty in Integrative Pediatrics, 2017
For example, infants have both increased sensitivity and increased relative exposure to toxicants based on surface area and multiple routes of exposure through placental transfer, breast milk, and indirect exposures after birth. Studies on newborn umbilical cord blood illustrate the issue in a manner that cannot be ignored. One of the earliest examples was a benchmark study of the umbilical cord blood of 10 babies born in 2004 by the Environmental Working Group in collaboration with Commonweal. A total of 287 chemicals were identified in the group, the first reported cord blood tests for 261 of the assayed chemicals. Of the chemicals present, 180 were known carcinogens, 217 were neurotoxins, and 208 were associated with abnormal fetal development in animal studies. Among the chemical classes found were organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and perfluorinated chemicals (Environmental Working Group 2005).
Third Stage Of Labor
Vincenzo Berghella in Obstetric Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Cord blood is routinely sent for Rh status of the infant, especially in Rh-negative women. Cord blood collection for stem cells has increased in popularity in recent years. Obstetricians should support public banking of cord blood [30]. Public banking is recommended over private banks secondary to more stringent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines, given its increased legal responsibilities, cost-effectiveness, and greater access to cord blood by the general population. The chance of a child requiring an autologous transplant from privately banked cord blood is about 1/2700. Directed donation of cord blood when there is a disease in the family amenable to stem cell transplantation can be arranged through many public banks.
Incorporating placental tissue in cord blood banking for stem cell transplantation
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2018
Luciana Teofili, Antonietta R. Silini, Maria Bianchi, Caterina Giovanna Valentini, Ornella Parolini
Several lines of evidence support the concomitant banking of cord blood and placental tissues. Economic reasons are evident. Although UCB banking can save lives and has expanded worldwide, it is not a cost-effective process and only the minority of cord blood banks operating in public registries are financially sustainable. The release of UCB units represents not only a life-saving opportunity for patients, but also a source of revenue and financial stability for banks. Indeed, to obtain (and distribute) different cell products from one donation (umbilical cord and placenta) might allow many cord blood banks to extend their activities to better afford also the costs for CBB. In practice, selected banks could be authorized to collect, process, and store both UCB and placental tissues. In these banks, personnel attending the counseling for donation could also provide information for placental tissue donation. If UCB and placental tissues are concomitantly collected and stored, only a single-donor selection and screening would be required for both products. Indeed, the staff attending UCB collection, usually specifically trained midwives, might also recover placenta and/or cord blood tissues, while the technical staff in the tissue establishment could process and store the samples. Finally, the full process for the donation traceability could be unified.
In vitro expansion of CD 133+ cells derived from umbilical cord blood in poly-L -lactic acid (PLLA) scaffold coated with fibronectin and collagen
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Maryam Islami, Yousef Mortazavi, Masoud Soleimani, Samad Nadri
HSCsT could be the transplantation of multipotent HSCs and has been used as a typical treatment for haematological disorders. Given that cord blood is easier to collect than bone marrow and considering the presence of stem cells and an immature immune system in cord blood, transplant immunology has low rate of rejection. Despite all the benefits, UCB contains a limited number of stem cells. One of the best solutions is the ex vivo or in vitro expansion of UCB stem cells, focusing on maintaining the self-renewal ability and stemness. Designing 3D systems for the in vitro expansion of UCB HSCs should incorporate a minimum of one of many naive options to stimulate the HSC niche because UCB HSCs cannot stay alive for a number of years without the niche [4,5,9,20]. To optimize the in vitro expansion of UCB HPCs, this 3D culture system must mimic the niche via coating systems with ECM components.
Mitochondrial energetics and contents evaluated by flow cytometry in human maternal and umbilical cord blood
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2020
Julie Kristine Guldberg Stryhn, Jacob Larsen, Palle Lyngsie Pedersen, Anne-Dorthe Feldthusen, Jan Kvetny, Peter Haulund Gæde
Changes by time and temperature may initiate programmed cell death. For instance, freezing causes dramatic changes of mitochondria in terms of possible disruption, evident by increased levels of citrate synthase, an enzyme normally localized only inside mitochondria [30]. This demonstrates that storage and temperature of samples may decrease viability of mitochondria, and cells. The quality of stored cord blood have been evaluated in multiple studies assessing storage up to 48–72 h in room temperature or refrigerator. The studies present conflicting results. Low volume may adversely affect viability of white blood cells, due to a higher anticoagulant-concentration in proportion to blood [31]. However, a study of 0.5 ml stored cord blood for 72 h showed changes in blood composition of a maximum of 5%, when the blood was stored in EDTA by 4 °C, but blood stored in heparin had reduced viability of white blood cells after 48 h, unless stored by room temperature [32]. Another study demonstrated refrigerated storage superior to room temperature in terms of cell-preservation [33]. We evaluated viability by fluorescence of PI.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Childbirth
- Haematopoiesis
- Natural Killer Cell
- Placenta
- Umbilical Cord
- Blood
- Stem Cell
- Cancer
- Genetic Disorder
- Car T Cell