Basics of Bone
Manoj Ramachandran, Tom Nunn in Basic Orthopaedic Sciences, 2018
Bone is a specialized connective tissue that performs three main functions: Reservoir of calcium and phosphate: Bone is the primary reservoir of calcium and phosphate in the body.Haemopoiesis: The haematopoietic marrow located in cancellous bone supplies the body’s cells, tissues and organs with erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.Protective and mechanical: Bone has a protective and mechanical role in supporting the body’s tissues, protecting the soft internal viscera and providing sites of attachment for the muscles that effect body movement and locomotion.
CBRN and the Trauma Victim
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner in Trauma Care Manual, 2021
These are: Haematopoietic syndrome (>1 Gy) (ARS-H). Haematopoietic syndrome occurs due to bone marrow suppression causing infection, neutropenic sepsis and coagulopathy. Clinical signs can be expected over the first few weeks and the duration of the latent period is shortened as the initial dose increases.Gastrointestinal syndrome (>6–8 Gy) (ARS-G). Gastrointestinal syndrome is characterized by gut failure leading to fluid loss, hypovolaemia, malabsorption, translocation of bacteria and GI bleeding. The associated ARS-H compounds these effects and increases the risk of a fatal infection and bleeding.Neurovascular syndrome (>20 Gy) (ARS-N). Neurovascular syndrome (also called cardiovascular or central nervous system syndrome) has a particularly poor prognosis and is characterized by very early (within minutes) vomiting and nausea followed by a brief period of improvement before deterioration towards coma, hypotension and loss of homeostasis.
Myths and Facts About Blood and Stem Cells
Tariq I Mughal, John M Goldman, Sabena T Mughal in Understanding Leukemias, Lymphomas, and Myelomas, 2017
Hematopoiesis is regulated by a variety of specialized proteins called hematopoietic growth factors, which usually act in synergy with each other. The bone marrow stromal cells, some T lymphocytes, the liver, and the kidney produce these growth factors. These proteins are very potent stimuli and act diversely mainly on the receptors on the surface of the stem cells, as well as the mature cells. Some, like the stem cell factor, act exclusively on the pluripotent stem cells; others, such as interleukin-3, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, act mainly on the early progenitor cells. Others, such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), erythropoietin (EPO), and thrombopoietin act on committed progenitor cells. Some of these growth factors have been produced commercially by recombinant DNA technology and are now used successfully in the clinic for correction of cytopenias. For example, G-CSF is useful in treating granulocytopenia (neutropenia) and EPO in treating anemia. We will discuss these aspects further in chapter 7.
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell responses to low radiation doses – implications for leukemia risk
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Nathalie Gault, Tom Verbiest, Christophe Badie, Paul-Henri Romeo, Simon Bouffler
This review focuses on the effects of LDIR on the hematopoietic tissue, one of the most radiosensitive body tissues. Hematopoiesis is the life-long process that ensures the production of all blood cells. All these hematopoietic cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) which mostly reside in the bone marrow (BM) of adult mammals. These HSCs can self-renew, differentiate, or die and they can either stay in the bone marrow or migrate to the periphery. All HSC-fate decisions are finely regulated by extrinsic and intrinsic factors that ultimately maintain a steady-state level of functional HSCs or, in the case of BM injury, restore the HSC pool for efficient and long-term hematopoiesis. The HSC compartment can be divided into long-term HSCs (LT-HSCs), that have a long–term multi-lineage repopulating capacity when they are transplanted into lethally irradiated mice, and short-term HSCs (ST-HSCs) that are derived from LT-HSCs, can self-renew, but have a short-term multi-lineage repopulating capability. ST-HSCs then differentiate into multipotent progenitors (MPP) which have a low self-renewal capacity but can differentiate into progenitors of all hematopoietic lineages. MPP can then differentiate into common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) cells that give rise to B and T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells or into common myeloid progenitor (CMP) cells that give rise to granulocyte monocyte progenitors (GMP) which differentiate into monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes and megakaryotic erythroid progenitors (MEP) which produce megakaryocytes/platelets and erythrocytes.
Fever of unknown origin with rashes in early infancy is indicative of adenosine deaminase type 2 deficiency
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2018
H Nihira, K Nakagawa, K Izawa, T Kawai, T Yasumi, R Nishikomori, M Nambu, A Miyagawa-Hayashino, T Nomura, K Kabashima, M Ito, S Iwaki-Egawa, Y Sasahara, M Nakayama, T Heike
A 3-month-old girl, the first child of non-consanguineous healthy Japanese parents, began to suffer target-like erythematous lesions (Figure 1). At 4 months of age, she was admitted to hospital with fever, rashes, and increased serum C-reactive protein levels. There was no evidence of infection, and the fever was refractory to antibiotics. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography and positron emission tomography revealed non-specific enlargement of axillary, inguinal, and para-aortic lymph nodes. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed neither intracranial infarction nor lesions indicative of vascular inflammation. Echocardiography was normal. Bone marrow examination showed normal tri-lineage haematopoiesis. Serum gamma-globulin levels were normal, and no autoantibodies were detected. There were no ocular lesions. Skin biopsy of the erythema revealed interface dermatitis with predominant infiltration by neutrophils but no evidence of vasculitis (Figure 1). High-dose systemic corticosteroids were initiated at 3 weeks post-admission, but only partial and transient improvement of the symptoms and acute-phase reactant levels was noted. Clinical relapse occurred as corticosteroids were tapered. Conventional treatment with an anti-interleukin-6 (anti-IL-6) receptor antibody (tocilizumab) began, which controlled the inflammation along with high-dose steroids.
Expression profile analysis reveals hub genes that are associated with immune system dysregulation in primary myelofibrosis
Published in Hematology, 2021
Haotian Ma, Jincen Liu, Zilong Li, Huaye Xiong, Yulei Zhang, Yanping Song, Jianghua Lai
Blood cell development initiates from haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs can differentiate into a multi-lineage committed progenitor cells, such as common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) and common myeloid progenitors (CMPs). CMPs give rise to the myeloid lineage, including erythrocytes, some leukocytes and megakaryocytes that produce platelets; cells belonging to the lymphoid lineage (white blood cells, leukocytes, NK cells, T and B lymphocytes) are differentiated from CLPs. At each stage, multiple genes perform different functions within the differentiation procedure (Figure 6a). Haematopoiesis is orchestrated via a tightly regulated network. Haematopoiesis homeostasis is important, and the imbalance between cells, genes and the microenvironment could induce the relevant disruption to contribute to some haematological diseases, more specifically, myeloproliferative disorders [19,20].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Asymmetric Cell Division
- Myeloid Tissue
- Lymphatic System
- Blood
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell
- Bone Marrow
- Homogeneity & Heterogeneity
- Red Blood Cell
- Erythropoiesis
- Lymphocyte