What do diagnoses mean, and does it matter?
Rolf Ahlzén, Martyn Evans, Pekka Louhiala, Raimo Puustinen in Medical Humanities Companion, 2018
The words in italics are medical diagnoses. The first one is simply sore throat and the second one is high blood pressure, which is not a disease but may lead to, for example, stroke (the diagnosis Geoff had in another opening narrative). The third diagnosis implies a variety of symptoms and findings related to abnormal glucose tolerance. Fourth disease as a diagnosis was described in the late 19th century when childhood exanthemata were classified (‘first disease’ was measles, ‘second disease’ scarlet fever and ‘third disease’ rubella).1 Its existence as a separate entity was controversial from the beginning and by the latter part of the 20th century it had been dropped from the medical textbooks. Arguments for the existence of fourth disease have been, however, presented as late as 2001.2 Drapetomania was the tendency of black slaves to flee from captivity.
Aberdeen: County and City 1
Arthur Newsholme in International Studies Volume 3, 2015
Chemical examinations. Estimation of blood urea.Estimation of blood sugar.Glucose tolerance test. For the glucose tolerance test, it is advisable, after making an appointment, to send the patient to the Laboratory.
Noninsulin-Dependent Animal Models of Diabetes Mellitus
John H. McNeill in Experimental Models of Diabetes, 2018
Up to around 3.5 weeks of age, body weight, glucose tolerance, and plasma insulin levels after a glucose load are all normal in OLETF rats, but in vitro islet glucose-stimulated insulin release is exaggerated.291 Obesity and glucose intolerance subsequently develop. Treatment with diazoxide, a β-cell channel opener, from 4 to 12 weeks of age, normalized the β-cell response, prevented the development of obesity and insulin resistance, and resulted in a marked improvement in glucose tolerance.291 This suggests the existence of a primary β-cell hypersecretory defect. However, Ishida et al.297 showed that reductions in insulin-mediated glucose uptake, observed at ∼16 weeks of age, precede decreased plasma insulin responses to glucose, which are only evident at 40 weeks. Islet hyperplasia and fibrosis also develop late. Early insulin treatment protected animals from development of defective β-cell secretory dynamics and altered morphology.298 These studies indicate that, since insulin resistance precedes impaired β-cell function, islet secretory abnormalities are partly compensatory responses to insulin resistance. Recently, Man et al.299 provided further evidence in support of Unger’s lipotoxic theory by showing accumulation of TG droplets in islets of OLETF rats and linked this to reduced glucokinase activity.
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in veterans with spinal cord injury
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2019
David R. Gater, Gary J. Farkas, Arthur S. Berg, Camilo Castillo
Adipose tissue increases the accumulation of ceramides, diacylglerol, and fatty acyl-Co-A within hepatocytes and myocytes, inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3 kinase) cascade that is necessary for activation and translocation of GLUT4 receptors to facilitate glucose transport within the cell.26 Our reported prevalence of glucose intolerance in 50.3% of this sample is consistent with previous reports in the literature, including a small sample of tetraplegics and paraplegics among whom 62% and 50% had abnormal glucose tolerance tests, respectively.27 Similarly, earlier reports suggested 50% of persons with SCI screened with oral glucose tolerance tests were found to have impaired glucose tolerance.28 Unfortunately, those previous investigations did not capture information related to body composition or adiposity. Since fasting glucose does not always correlate with glucose intolerance in persons with SCI, our current prevalence report of glucose abnormalities may likely underestimate the true prevalence.29
Inflammatory state does not affect the antiplatelet efficacy of potent P2Y12 inhibitors in ACS
Published in Platelets, 2021
Benedikt S. Biesinger, Aleksandra Gasecka, Thomas Perkmann, Johann Wojta, Maciej Lesiak, Marek Grygier, Ceren Eyileten, Marek Postuła, Krzysztof J. Filipiak, Aurel Toma, Christian Hengstenberg, Jolanta M. Siller-Matula
The following data were recorded on admission: demographic data (age, gender), weight, type of ACS and type of P2Y12 inhibitor administered (prasugrel, ticagrelor), cardiovascular risk factors (arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking status, family history of coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus), history of cardiovascular disease (prior AMI, prior PCI, carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease), angiographic data, and pharmacotherapy administered at admission. Arterial hypertension was defined as (i) a history of hypertension and/or the use of antihypertensive drugs or (ii) repetitive resting blood pressure values above 140/90 mmHg during in-hospital measurements, applied two to four times daily. Hyperlipidemia was defined as (i) a history of lipid-lowering therapy or (ii) total cholesterol level above 200 mg/dl. Smoking was assessed as current, past, and nonsmoking. Diabetes mellitus was defined as (i) pathological oral glucose tolerance test, or (ii) a history of diabetes or anti-diabetic therapy. On admission, HbA1 c was measured in all patients and oral glucose tolerance test was performed, if necessary, to detect undiagnosed diabetes. In addition, routine laboratory parameters were recorded.
Fast dissolving electrospun polymeric films of anti-diabetic drug repaglinide: formulation and evaluation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Shreya Thakkar, Namdev More, Dilip Sharma, Govinda Kapusetti, Kiran Kalia, Manju Misra
The oral glucose tolerance test was performed to measure blood glucose levels. For all the groups, blood glucose level reached to peak at ∼ 60 min after glucose load (Table 2). Administration of single dose of formulations (nanofibers as well as casted film) significantly delimited increase in blood glucose level in the time period of 30–120 min in comparison to control group as well as free drug. It was found that formulations significantly decreased glucose levels compared to pure drug (*p < .05 versus pure drug). Probable reason for this effect of formulation could be due to improved solubility and dissolution of drug which would lead to faster absorption of drug by immediate release and thus improved the bioavailability of repaglinide. Results obtained from this study revealed superiority of formulation over free drug as both the formulations showed better control over blood glucose levels.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Diabetes
- Metabolic Syndrome
- Obesity
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Hypertension
- Dyslipidemia
- Triglyceride
- Glycated Hemoglobin
- Abdominal Obesity
- High-Density Lipoprotein