Future Prospects for Cereal and Legume Production
Bill Pritchard, Rodomiro Ortiz, Meera Shekar in Routledge Handbook of Food and Nutrition Security, 2016
Groundnuts, which are widely grown in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions, provide energy-dense and nutritious food, and are the fourth largest oilseed crop in the world. Common beans are very important in the diet of people in Latin America and East Africa because they are a source of proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Chickpea is the third most important grain legume protein source in the world, particularly in South Asia, North Africa and the Middle East. Cowpeas are the most important food legume in the dry savannas of tropical Africa, especially in West Africa where they are often grown in mixtures with millets and sorghum. Lentils are highly digestible and nutritious, and contain high levels of protein, minerals and vitamins. Lentils play a major role in the food and nutritional security of millions of people especially among low-income Asian families (Erskine et al. 2011). Lentils are grown predominantly under rain-fed conditions and on residual soil moisture under different crop production systems.
Legumes
Christopher Cumo in Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Caribbean cuisine featured kidney beans, coconut (Cocos nucifera), and thyme. Jamaicans combined these beans with rice and coconut milk. Copying Spain, Cubans made black beans with rice and pork. In the Caribbean, Mexico, Brazil, South Carolina, and Georgia, slaves ate variants of rice and legumes. Although not our primary focus, cowpeas—also known as black-eyed peas—had been a West African staple since about 3000 BCE.138 Portugal gave West Africa beans in the sixteenth century, adding another legume. Slaves employed these possibilities in the Americas, eating black beans and rice in the Caribbean whereas New Orleans, Louisiana, specialized in red kidney beans and rice. Cowpeas and rice fed South Carolinian and Georgian slaves. On the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, the preferred cowpea was the sea island red pea.
Cultivation of Bush Tomato (Solanum centrale) Desert Raisin
Yasmina Sultanbawa, Fazal Sultanbawa in Australian Native Plants, 2017
Insect pests identified in bush tomatoes include aphids (Macrosiphum sp.), crusader bugs (Mictis profana), mealy bugs (Pseudococcus sp.), native moth (Alloeocysta sp.), Sphingidae caterpillars and weevils (Curculionidae) (Collins, 2002). Cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora), Rutherglen bug (Nysius vinitor) and silver-leaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) have also been found to cause plant damage (Vincent, 2010). Chemical applications with products registered for these pests are the usual form of recommended control.
Insecticidal activities of Parthenium hysterophorus L. extract and parthenin against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) and aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2018
S. G. Eswara Reddy, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Praveen Kumar Verma, Bikram Singh
Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) is the major insect pest of crucifers in the world and India affecting 90% crop loss (Gu et al., 2010; Zalucki et al., 2012). The cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) is a major sucking pest of leguminous crops (El-Ghareeb et al., 2002) and cause significant economic damage by sucking sap from leaves, pods and other aerial parts or indirectly through transmission of major viruses (Laamari et al., 2008). Indiscriminate use of insecticides for the control of P. xylostella and A. craccivora lead to insecticide resistance and harmful to natural enemies besides residue and resurgence problems. The P. xylostella showed resistance to spinosad, chlorantraniliprole, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenapyr and spinosad (Agboyi et al., 2016; Lima Neto et al., 2016; Ribeiro et al. 2014; Sayyed et al. 2008). Similarly, A. craccivora reported resistance to pirimicarb, carbosulfan, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, fenitrothion and malathion (Fouad et al., 2016; Kandila et al., 2017). Insecticidal properties of P. hysterophorus were not reported against P. xylostela till date. In this context study was planned to screen P. hysterophorus extract and parthenin for their insecticidal activities against P. xylostella and A. craccivora to identify lead (s) for further development of botanical formulation.
Cassava toxicity, detoxification and its food applications: a review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Anil Panghal, Claudia Munezero, Paras Sharma, Navnidhi Chhikara
Although cassava have poor baking quality and some alternatives have been developed to overcome this problem. Wheat gluten viscoelasticity and interaction with protein with other components possess beneficial effect on loaf volume (Panghal et al.2006). Addition of egg white and extra virgin olive to the cassava bread formulation showed significant improvement in loaf volume with a softer texture, a more regular crumb structure and reduced gumminess, as compared with pure cassava bread (Pasqualone et al.2010). Olapade and Adeyemo (2014) made cookies from blends of wheat, cassava, and cowpea flours in different proportions (100/0/0, 0/100/0, 30/50/20, 35/35/30, 20/70/10, and 0/80/20). An increase in the level of cowpea enhances the protein content of the composite flour but increase in cassava proportion reduces the protein content of the composite. The overall acceptability of the cookies from the composite flours was not significantly different from that made from 100% wheat flour as control (Olapade and Adeyemo 2014). Chinma and Gernah (2007) prepared cookies from composite of cassava flour, soybean and moderately ripe mango fruits. Cookies of different proportions of cassava, soybean and mango where prepared (100/0/0, 80/10/10, 70/15/15, 60/20/20, 50/25/25) and 100% wheat flour cookies were used as control. The cookies were higher in protein, ash, fat, energy, and β-carotene when levels of soybean and mango flours are increased in the composite while crude fiber and carbohydrate are decreased. The rating in terms of internal crumb color, surface color, flavor, and overall acceptability was found to be good enough and this method can be a good approach for gluten intolerants and people suffering from celiac disease (Chinma and Gernah 2007).
Insecticidal activity and structure–activity relationship of sugar embedded macrocycles for the control of aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Rohit Rana, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Sushil K. Maurya, S. G. Eswara Reddy
The cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) is a major sucking pest of leguminous crops (El-Ghareeb et al.2002) and cause significant economic damage by sucking sap from leaves, pods and other aerial parts or indirectly through transmission of major viruses (Laamari et al.2008). Indiscriminate use of insecticides for the control of A. craccivora led to evolution of insecticide resistance strains and loss of natural enemies apart from residue and resurgence problems (Ke et al.1991, Holland et al.2000, Han and Li 2004).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Cassava
- Morphology
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Protein
- Root Nodule
- Legume
- Genetic Diversity
- Maize
- Cotton
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