Incorporating dietary supplements with sports-specific training and competition
Jay R Hoffman in Dietary Supplementation in Sport and Exercise, 2019
Exercise pacing affects the availability and utilization of fuel, and so, the onset of fatigue. However, ingesting phosphates and macronutrients beyond normal dietary requirements may delay fatigue. Phosphates are essential to the formation of ATP and may aid in both aerobic and anaerobic performance. Three to five days of phosphate loading (4 g·day-1) is thought to elevate red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations which lead to a rightward shift in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve and improve oxygen utilization during exercise (18). Phosphate loading may also improve muscle buffering capacity during higher-intensity exercise (43). Supplementing with macronutrients, both carbohydrate and protein either by themselves or combined, prior to and during exercise has generally been shown to prolong exercise duration (104, 121) by increasing glucose uptake and its availability for exercise (1, 121). Athletes may also benefit from supplementing with essential fats (e.g., fish oils, conjugated linoleic acid [CLA] and medium-chain triglycerides), which have been reported to improve endurance performance and limit the amount of damage and soreness associated with exercise (103, 142). Optimal dosage regimens though have yet to be determined.
Healing the Heart with Whole Foods and Food Bioactives
Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston in Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2015
TFAs can be found in nature and may be produced industrially. Vaccenic acid and the naturally occurring isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), cis-9, trans-11 CLA (c9, t11-CLA), are found in meat and milk products derived from ruminant animals.138 Other TFAs may form in the industrial production of solid fats from liquid oils through the process of partial hydrogenation,139 in addition to small amounts produced in the course of the deodorization and refinement of vegetable oils.140 It is well established that the industrially produced TFAs (iTFAs), ubiquitous in the processed food supply, are detrimental to cardiovascular health due to their ability to impair endothelial function, elevate triglycerides and Lp(a) lipoprotein, increase thrombogenesis, reduce the particle size of LDL cholesterol, and increase LDL cholesterol while simultaneously decreasing HDL cholesterol.141–144 Specifically, one meta-analysis found that a 2% increase in energy intake from TFAs was associated with a 23% increase in the incidence of CHD.145 The presence of iTFAs in the systemic circulation favors inflammation, ultimately contributing to atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart hypertrophy as well as other chronic diseases.146,147 It has been proposed by Angelieri et al.148 that TFA contributes to inflammation and metabolic disturbances by altering cell signaling via intracellular kinases and insulin receptor substrates.
Nutritional Ergogenic Aids: Introduction, Definitions and Regulatory Issues
Ira Wolinsky, Judy A. Driskell in Nutritional Ergogenic Aids, 2004
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for a series of linoleic isomers. CLA are found in meat and milk products from ruminant animals; commercially prepared dietary supplements are available. Beneficial effects of CLA on adiposity and lean mass have been reported in animals and humans. Hence, CLA have been of special interest to resistance-trained athletes and body builders. Human data are limited at the present time and additional research is warranted. In both animals and humans there have been no reports of adverse health incidences from CLA ingestion.
Use and perceived effectiveness of complementary medicines for weight loss in adult women
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2023
J Bussicott, R Patel, J Pellow, RK Razlog
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a fatty acid naturally found in meat and dairy products, while CLA supplements sold on the market are typically synthetically produced from safflower oil and usually contain an equal mix of two isomers, 18:2cis-9, trans-11 and 18:2trans-10, cis-12. While animal studies have shown that CLA reduces body fat, studies in humans are less conclusive; these studies do, however, show a beneficial effect of CLA supplementation on bodyweight and adiposity, with relatively few adverse effects.33 A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Namazi et al.34 on 13 clinical trials indicated that CLA supplementation significantly reduces bodyweight (−0.52 kg), BMI (−0.23 kg/m2) and fat mass (−0.61 kg), and increases lean body mass (0.19 kg) compared with a placebo; these effects were even more pronounced in patients over 44 years old, who used dosages of > 3.4 g per day for more than 12 weeks. Long-term studies of at least 6 months’ duration have also shown only a small weight-loss effect size through meta-analysis, with a mean difference of −0.70 kg, indicating uncertain clinical benefit.35 CLA has been shown to have anticoagulant/antiplatelet activities and should be used with caution in patients using prescription medications with these same effects.28
Conjugated linoleic acid protects brain mitochondrial function in acrolein induced male rats
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Birsen Aydın, Cansu Güler Şahin, Vedat Şekeroğlu, Zülal Atlı Şekeroğlu
Using some antioxidants to prevent or reduce oxidative stress in brain mitochondria may be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of these diseases (Kausar et al. 2018). Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid, is found in dairy products that play a very important role in human nutrition (MacDonald 2000). Previous studies have demonstrated CLA displayed numerous physiological properties and beneficial health implications, including antioxidant, antiadipogenic, antidiabetogenic, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiatherosclerotic effects (Onakpoya et al. 2012; Aydın et al. 2018a, 2018b). Radical scavenging antioxidants such as tocopherol are known to have protective effects on nerve tissue. Similarly, CLA has been shown to have free radical scavenging effects (Yu 2001). It has been demonstrated that CLA supplementation greatly inhibits age-related neural damage in rats and therefore has a protective effect on nerve cells (Monaco et al. 2018).
Impregnation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) grafts with BMP-2 loaded functional nanoparticles for reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2023
Zeynep Karahaliloglu, Batur Ercan, Baki Hazer
Linoleic acid (LA) is one of the commonly used unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (Giudetti et al. 2005). The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has a wide range of biological effects such as reduction in lipoproteins, and body fat, the enhanced immune function, anti-atherogenic and anti-carcinogenic characteristic, and alterations in bone metabolism (Dilzer et al. 2012). It is a significant constituent for strong bones when to take into consideration in vitro effect of CLA on the bone biology and metabolism. In fact, Cusack et al. showed that alkaline phosphatase activity increased by all CLA treatments in their study accomplished using human derived osteoblast like cells (Cusack et al. 2005). Furthermore, Bhattacharya et al. reported that CLA is an effective therapeutic application in the treatment of bone diseases, and the enhanced bone absorption through increased osteoclastogenesis (Bhattacharya et al. 2006). Jewell et al. also demonstrated the calcium absorption in human intestinal-like Caco-2 cells improved by CLA (Jewell et al. 2003). Obviously, CLA has beneficial effect on the bone metabolism, and future studies needed to clarify the proper role of CLA supplementation in terms of bone health.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Dairy Product
- Linoleic Acid
- Oleic Acid
- Unsaturated Fat
- Rumen
- Meat
- Conjugated Fatty Acid
- Trans Fat
- Rumenic Acid
- Vaccenic Acid