Atomic Particles, Isotopes, and Ions
Patrick E. McMahon, Rosemary F. McMahon, Bohdan B. Khomtchouk in Survival Guide to General Chemistry, 2019
Example: Determine the element name and particle (p+, e−, n0) numbers for: use the periodic table as necessary. Fe is the symbol for iron (from the Latin: ferrum)The number of protons = Z = 26A = 56 = # of nucleons = (# of protons) + (# of neutrons);# of neutrons = [# of nucleons (A)] − [# of protons] = [56] − [26] = 30A charge of +3 is indicated; atom must have an excess of three positive charges:# of e− = 26 (p+) − 3 = 23; p+ = 26; e– = 23; n0 = 61
Iron in Formulas and Baby Foods
Bo Lönnerdal in Iron Metabolism in Infants, 2020
There are three types of elemental iron depending on the method of manufacture, reduced iron, electrolytic iron, and carbonyl iron.84 Reduced iron is produced by exposing iron oxide powder to hydrogen or carbon monoxide. It consists of a sponge-like irregular porous particle. It usually has the largest mean particle size and has given the lowest RBV values for commercially available elemental iron sources.85 Electrolytic iron is manufactured by the electrolytic deposition of iron from a ferrous sulfate bath onto thin stainless steel cathode sheets. It forms flat, irregular fern-like particles of high surface area. Carbonyl iron, which has been used mainly in Europe, is produced by heating scrap metal with pressurized carbon monoxide to yield iron pentacarbonyl which is then decomposed to a powder. The particles are very small (0 to 10 μm) and spherical, often forming clusters. The RBV in rats has been reported to be about 60%, better than both reduced and the electrolytic iron.85,86
Metals
Frank A. Barile in Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Metals and their alloys are unquestionably responsible for the transition of human civilizations from their existence in the ancient world, through the Bronze and Iron Ages, to our present modern society. Chemically, elements in the periodic table are systematically grouped into metals, nonmetals, metalloids, and noble gases. Metals are electropositive elements, which readily lose electrons from the outermost shell. Physically, they are usually hard, lustrous, and exceptional conductors of heat and electricity. In general, metals are classified into ferrous (iron; Fe) and nonferrous materials. Ferrous metals, such as cast iron and carbon steel, contain iron as their core constituent in addition to other trace compounds. However, based on its physical composition and chemical properties, Fe is classified as a heavy metal. Nonferrous metals are subclassified as heavy, light, and noble. Heavy metals such as copper and zinc differ from light metals, sodium and magnesium; the former have relatively higher density and tensile strength and are relatively less reactive and soluble. Noble metals, including palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold, have high resistivity to corrosion and oxidation in normal atmospheric conditions.
Effect of lead exposure and nutritional iron-deficiency on immune response: A vaccine challenge study in rats
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2020
Srinivasa Reddy Yathapu, Narendra Babu Kondapalli, Sarath Babu Srivalliputturu, Rajkumar Hemalatha, Dinesh Kumar Bharatraj
Iron (Fe) is an important trace element. Recent reports suggest that moderate deficiencies of individual micronutrients such as Fe, Zn, Se, and Vitamins A, B6, C, and E result in decreased immune responses, leading to increased morbidity and mortality (Bhaskaram 2001; Hamer et al. 2009). Severe Fe deficiency anemia is known to impair immune functions, each of which could be restored by deficiency correction (Das et al. 2014). For example, in a clinical study of Indian children suffering from moderate-severe anemia (≤10 g hemoglobin [Hb]/dl) indicated these children had significantly lower levels of CD4+ cells and CD4:CD8 ratios that were restored with oral supplementation of elemental iron (i.e. 6 mg/kg/day for 3 months). Overall, use of nutrient supplements, singly or in combination, has been shown to stimulate immunity and to reduce morbidity in Fe-deficient humans (Chandra 2002; Das et al. 2014).
Prevalence of iron deficiency in a total joint surgery population
Published in Hematology, 2018
Jonathan H. Waters, Peter Johnson, Mark H. Yazer
Iron is needed for many important biochemical functions in the human body. When iron is deficient, it can affect a person’s energy and work capacity, erythropoiesis, and immune function [8–10]. Furthermore, iron deficiency is associated with weakened cell-mediated and innate immunity [11]. Iron deficiency has been shown to increase postoperative infection rates in abdominal surgery [12]. With this background, we hypothesized that iron deficiency could be a factor that impairs a patient’s ability to recover after surgery. Impairment of work capacity could prevent adequate engagement in physical therapy following a joint replacement. Impaired immune function might increase postoperative wound infections, which have a sizable impact on functional status and recovery. Furthermore, blood loss is common in orthopedic surgeries, which could exacerbate an underlying iron deficiency problem.
Advances in pharmacotherapy for acute kidney injury
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Yali Xu, Ping Zou, Xiaojing Cao
Iron ions are involved in many basic biological processes, such as cell cycle processes, DNA synthesis and repair, mitochondrial function, and inflammatory regulation. The free electrons of iron ions bind to oxygen molecules to cause a rapid increase of intracellular reactive oxygen (ROS) levels during AKI, eventually resulting in apoptosis and damage to renal tissues. The iron chelator can bind to iron ions and wrap them inside the chelator agent into stable compounds of larger molecular weight, thus preventing iron ions from acting, making it a new ‘medicine’ for AKI. Increasing iron level has been observed in animal models of myoglobinuria, cisplatin, gentamicin, and ischemia/reperfusion injury [43]. In a variety of renal pathological states, iron chelators have been shown to significantly improve renal function and histologic lesions. At present, several clinical trials have been performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of iron chelating agents for AKI, including deferiprone (NCT01391520 and NCT01146925) and deferoxamine (NCT00870883 and NCT01146925) [44–46].