Bone Regeneration Effect of Cassia occidentalis Linn. Extract and Its Isolated Compounds
Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay in Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Cassia, 2021
Self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) is an efficient mode for improving the bioavailability of poorly absorbed compounds often present in phytoextracts. A lipid-based SEDDS of CBE was found to enhance the bioavailabilities of apigenin, isovitexin, THF, luteolin and emodin along with the increase in the skeletal effect. However, CBE at 100 mg/kg dose increased osteogenic effect, the SEDDS formulated CBE achieved the same effect at 50 mg/kg (Pal et al., 2020). The study also found that MP treatment significantly suppressed osteocyte markers including dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP-1) and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE), and SEDDS formulated CBE maintained their expression (Pal et al., 2020). Muscle atrophy is another signature of GC treatment and we found that SEDDS-formulated CBE significantly improved muscle structure and prevented muscle atrophy. Reports also showed that SEDDS-formulated CBE did not alter the anti-inflammatory effect of MP (Pal et al., 2020). These studies established CO extract and its related formulation as an effective pharmacotherapy for the treatment of GC-induced osteo-sarcopenia.
Orthopaedics and musculoskeletal system
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge in MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
14.28. A boy aged 2 years presents with a history of delayed milestones, muscular hypotonia and depressed tendon reflexes. Which of the following statements is/are true?A normal serum creatine kinase level (no technical error) excludes the possibility of Duchenne type muscular dystrophy.Muscular hypotonia excludes the possibility of cerebral palsy.Fascicuiation of the tongue would suggest peripheral neuropathy.Spinal muscular atrophy is a possible diagnosis.Electromyography would be more useful in diagnosing a lower motor neurone cause than a cerebral cause for his problem.
CT, MRI, and NMR Spectroscopy in Alzheimer Disease*
Robert E. Becker, Ezio Giacobini in Alzheimer Disease, 2020
Early studies made use of Polaroid pictures of cathode ray images to quantify atrophy and translucent rulers were used to measure brain structures such as the frontal horns, lateral ventricles and cortical sulci. On the basis of these measurements, criteria were developed for diagnosing atrophy. In one of the first studies utilizing linear methods, Huckman et al. (1975) noted that 60% of “normal” individuals 65 years of age or older were classified as having questionable to severe atrophy (i.e. false positive tests). Interestingly however, only 3% of documented dementia patients had normal scans. Two patients in the study were later discovered to have a treatable cause for dementia. Both of these cases were diagnosed with “questionable atrophy.” The authors hypothesized that patients with a dementia and a non-atrophic CT scan were more likely to have a treatable dementia than those with severe atrophy. However, as was noted by Ford and Winter (1982), “CT findings of cortical atrophy should not be accepted as evidence of senile dementia.”
Didanosine-induced Retinopathy: New Insights with Long-term Follow-up
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Céline Faure, Maxime Chassery, Raphaëlle Ores, Isabelle Audo
Didanosine-induced retinopathy present various chorioretinal atrophic lesions predominant in the mid-periphery. Even after drug cessation, we observed an extension of the atrophy in 3 out of 5 patients. Interestingly, progression rates of atrophy seemed to depend on baseline lesion size, multifocality and autofluorescence pattern: when didanosine was stopped early with only speckled alteration of the autofluorescence the progression rate was slow, whereas progression speed was faster when atrophic lesions were large at baseline. We recommend a follow-up period, after didanosine discontinuation, to document disease progression even for early stages of toxic retinopathy. We would like to underline that our study has limitations including its small sample size, its retrospective design, some missing data and the lack of complete neuro-ophthalmologic investigations for all patients.
Hyper-Reflective Outer Nuclear Layer (HONL) in Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Disease and Sympathetic Ophthalmia
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
A Fonollosa, I Charcán, L Giralt, J Artaraz, A Soto, I Ruiz-Arruza, Aniruddha Agarwal
The presence of hyper-reflectivity of a particular layer can occur because of two pathogenic mechanisms. In patients with VKH and SO, severe infiltration due to inflammatory cellular aggregates in the ONL can lead to the unusual hyper-reflective appearance on the OCT. Due to these inflammatory cells, there can be tissue damage leading to eventual atrophy. On the other hand, in an immunohistologic study of eyes with SO, elevated expression of TNF-alpha was demonstrated in the photoreceptor nuclear layer, as well as increased expression of TNF-Receptor 1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the oxidative stress products acrolein and nitrotyrosine in the photoreceptor inner segments of SO retinas. Moreover, the oxidative stress products correlated with photoreceptor cells apoptosis.6 We speculate that some patients may show a more intense oxidative stress and hence more important inflammation in the outer retina and loss of photoreceptors (leading to the unusual appearance of the OCT) due to very high levels of TNF-alpha or to the presence of TNF-alpha polymorphisms associated with more severe disease.7 Therefore, a subset of patients with higher levels of inflammation, whichever the mechanism, may exhibit these features. It is likely that certain genetic factors such as HLA types may predispose to more severe inflammation leading to development of HONL. Patients with HLA-DRB1*0405 or HLA-DRB1*0405-DQA1*0302-DQB1*0401 haplotypes have been shown to have worse visual outcomes, supporting this hypothesis.8–11
Factors influencing thigh muscle volume change with cycling exercises in acute spinal cord injury – a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2022
Maya G. Panisset, Doa El-Ansary, Sarah Alison Dunlop, Ruth Marshall, Jillian Clark, Leonid Churilov, Mary P. Galea
Much of the work on which this trial was founded was based on studies of exercise in the chronic stage after SCI, where the intervention is being applied at a stable baseline. Observations from the present study necessarily encompass the simultaneous effects of atrophy due to sudden disruption of descending drive, decreased mobility post-injury, and inflammatory stress system activation, in combination with spontaneous neurological recovery and the potentially anabolic effects from the exercise interventions.43 In other words, studies of exercise in acute SCI carry the added challenge of measuring the effects of an intervention without the benefit of a stable baseline. While this is a known challenge for rehabilitation research in the acute period, guidelines published after this trial was initiated, emphasize the importance of including assessment of outcomes at the eight weeks post injury time point, in an effort to account for the confounder of spontaneous neurological recovery.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Exercise
- Hypoplasia
- Malnutrition
- Mutation
- Physiology
- Circulatory System
- Apoptosis
- Wasting
- Hormone
- Nerve