3.0: The development of gastric systems in children
Clarissa Martin, Terence Dovey, Angela Southall, Clarissa Martin in Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2019
Structurally, the mouth is made up of the lips, the tongue, the teeth and the salivary glands. The lips are mainly made up of flexible muscle tissue. The front teeth are called the incisors (used for cutting) and have a flat front and a thin and long top. These are followed by the canines, which end at a point. Incisors are followed by the premolars, which have an irregular bicuspid shape and, lastly, the molars, which have a flat cusp (used for chewing). Children grow 20 deciduous teeth, whereas adults have 32 permanent teeth. The tongue, situated on the floor of the mouth, is made up of four intrinsic and four extrinsic muscles, which move it and change its shape to aid chewing and swallowing. Three main salivary glands produce liquid saliva to aid chewing, swallowing and digestion. The parotid gland, which is the largest, is found wrapped around the ramus of the mandible. The submandibular glands are located underneath the lower jaws and lastly the sublingual gland, which can be found underneath the tongue.
ExperimentaL Oral Medicine
Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy in Handbook of Experimental Stomatology, 2020
Animals given doses of 700 R or higher underwent rapid deterioration with severe diarrhea, dehydration, and weight loss. Facial edema, suppurating blepharitis, and hemorrhagic exudate from the nose were common. Oral lesions were found in 30% given 700 R, in 90% subjected to 800 R, and in 100% exposed to 900 R or higher. The greater the dose, the sooner the appearance of the lesions. None became manifest before the 3rd day postirradiation. Lesions were yellow-gray and necrotic in appearance and were located in the lower lingual gingiva, with extensions to the floor of the mouth and around the incisors. In the upper mouth, they were located in the palatal gingiva of the incisors and molars. Each lesion was surrounded by an erythematous halo. Increase in size was associated with marked edema, hemorrhage, and suppuration. Often they formed fairly large abcesses. At the high doses, the lesions were more severe and involved the tongue. In animals surviving the 30-day experimental period, the oral lesions healed, leaving marked gingival recession, retractile scars, and obliteration of the mucobuccal fold. Microscopically, the lesions consisted of areas of necrosis confined primarily to the periodontal region that progressed to the oral mucosa, soft tissues, and alveolar bone margin. Irradiated animals given the soft pappy diet had more severe lesions than those ingesting the same diet in pellet form.
Vocal Motor Disorders *
Rolland S. Parker in Concussive Brain Trauma, 2016
Vocalization structures: The active force in the production of the voice is the airflow (Van Leden, 1961). Voice production originates from the vibration emanating from the vocal folds (Razak et al., 1983). It is then processed by the posterior oral-pharyngeal and nasopharyngeal ports (Merson, 1967). The space between the vocal folds is the rima glottidis. Its shape is determined by the position, tension, and length of the vocal cords, as well as the intensity of expiration changes in vocal pitch (Moore & Dalley, 2006, with diagrams, pp. 1089–1095). Cartilages of the larynx, trachea, and bronchia maintain the larger respiratory tubes; branchial motor axons of glossopharyngeal nerve serve the stylopharyngeus muscle that elevates the pharynx during swallowing and speech (Wilson-Pauwels et al., 1988, p. 117). The fleshy tongue manipulates the food particles to and from moving teeth on route to the mouth and throat for swallowing. Complex musculature raises and lowers the tongue, pushes it forward, and changes its shape (Butler & Hodos, 1996, pp. 56–157). The basicranial region in human infants is similar to that of monkeys and apes (see Vocalization Structures, below).
Effective early detection of oral cancer using a simple and inexpensive point of care device in oral rinses
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2018
Elizabeth J Franzmann, Michael J. Donovan
Head and neck (HN) cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx is a debilitating and deadly disease where treatment often results in impairment of speech and swallowing. The oral cavity includes the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, anterior part of the mouth and hard palate. The oropharynx includes the posterior 1/3 of the tongue. It extends anteriorly from the glossopharyngeal arch and tonsils to the posterior pharyngeal wall. The soft palate forms the superior boundary and the level of the vallecula at the hyoid bone forms the inferior boundary. The majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage where 5-year survival is approximately 50%. Oral cancer is an aggressive tumor with poor response to chemotherapy and resistance to most standard of care therapies [1]. Five-year survival rates are 63% for the United States, approximately 50% for Europe, and lower in developing countries [1,2]. The American Cancer Society anticipates that over 51,000 individuals will be diagnosed with oral and pharyngeal cancer in the United States in 2018 [3]. The World Health Organization recently reported over 529,000 new cases of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers diagnosed worldwide on an annual basis [2,4], a figure which is predicted to rise by 62% to 856,000 cases by 2035 [2]. The incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is approximately 2.5 times higher in men than women [2,4].
DBD-FISH, an effective marker for detecting genotoxicity in buccal mucosa exfoliated cells of patients with oral cancer
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Elva I Cortés-Gutiérrez, Jorge G. Garza Molina, Martha I Dávila-Rodríguez, Pablo Zapata Benavides, José M Faz Eguía, Ricardo M Cerda-Flores
Oral cancer is included in the 10 types of malignant neoplasia with a highly rising incidence worldwide and is especially frequent in developing countries (Marchioni et al. 2007; Warnakulasuriya 2009), is one of the 10 most recurrent cancers as declared by World Health Organization (WHO), each year, there are 575 000 new cases and 320 000 deaths annually worldwide (Halder et al. 2004). In 2018, Globocan recorded that in Mexico, 1.1% of all neoplasms are of the oral cavity, causing death in 0.81% (IARC, WHO 2018). Data on the development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) in Mexican and Latin-American communities are limited (Hernández-Guerrero et al. 2013). In other records OSCC constitutes more than 90% of malignant neoplasms of the mouth (Bagan et al. 2010). Their principal anatomic region includes the tongue, floor of the mouth, gums, palate, oral mucosa, and other areas in the mouth.
Adjunctive systemic antibiotic effect on periodontal state, salivary enzyme activity, and glycemia imbalance in type-2 diabetics after non-surgical periodontal management
Published in Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2023
Marwa Mrag, Yassine Khalji, Aishah Alhodhodi, Shadia A. Elsayed, Yosra Ayed, Asma Kassab
The periodontal examination was carried out in accordance with the guidelines published by the American Academy of Periodontology and the European Federation of Periodontology at the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions [10,11]. Six sites per tooth (mesiobuccal, mediobuccal, disto-buccal, disto-lingual, medio-lingual, and mesio-lingual), excluding the third molars, were subjected to the complete mouth clinical evaluations. The same periodontist measured periodontal indices such as periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP%), O’Leary plaque index (PI), Löe and Silness gingival index (GI), and the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) of Greene and Vermillion using a William’s graduated periodontal probe. All T2Dpc were subjected to a second oral examination after 1 month since receiving the treatments.