Anatomy and Embryology of the Mouth and Dentition
John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford in Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
The muscle of the cheek is the buccinator (Figure 41.5). Above and below it is attached to the outer surfaces of the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible by the side of the molar teeth. Behind, it arises from the anterior margin of the pterygomandibular raphe (a thin band of tendinous fibres passing between the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate down to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line of the mandible). Additionally, a few fibres arise from a fine tendinous band that bridges the interval between the maxilla and the pterygoid hamulus. From these origins the fibres of buccinator pass forwards towards the angle of the mouth. Here, the central fibres decussate, those from below crossing to the upper part of the mouth, those from above crossing to the lower part. The highest and lowest fibres of buccinator continue forwards to enter their corresponding lips without decussation.
Zygomatic fractures
John Dudley Langdon, Mohan Francis Patel, Robert Andrew Ord, Peter Brennan in Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2017
Terminology can be confusing. ‘Zygoma’, ‘malar’, ‘cheek ’, ‘zygomaticomaxillary’, ‘zygomaticomaxillary orbital’, ‘tripod’ and ‘tetrapod’ are all terms used to describe essentially the same injury – a fracture of the zygomaticomaxillary orbital complex (Figure 60.1). Apart from isolated zygomatic arch fractures, nearly all other fractures involve part of the orbital floor and lateral orbital wall. Therefore, assessments of the orbit (and eye) are an integral part of management. APPLIED ANATOMY: The cheek is predominantly formed by the zygomatic bone. This fuses with the frontal bone at the frontozygomatic (FZ) suture under the eyebrow, with the maxilla medially and with the temporal bone posteriorly and within the orbit. The body of the zygoma provides the aesthetic prominence of the cheek and together with the supraorbital ridge affords some protection to the eye. Superiorly, the body of the zygoma forms approximately the lateral two-thirds of the infraorbital rim, which is important for lower eyelid support. Consequently, any displacement in this area can affect eyelid function. Vertical displacement of the entire zygoma can lower the lateral canthus and lateral attachment of the globe with it (Whitnall’s tubercle). This can result in diplopia, hypoglobus and an anti-mongoloid slant to the eye (Figure 60.2).
Methods in molecular exercise physiology
Adam P. Sharples, James P. Morton, Henning Wackerhage in Molecular Exercise Physiology, 2022
While genomic (gDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are present in nearly all the body’s cells (an important exception being red blood cells), DNA collection for the purposes of research is typically limited to buccal epithelial cells (cheek cells) or leukocytes (white blood cells). For studies in which blood drawing is a typical procedure, white cells (or the ‘buffy coat’) from a typical non-coagulated blood sample may be used for DNA isolation. If blood sampling is not required for a research study, then collection of buccal cells from the inside of the cheek using a cotton-type swab is a less invasive way to collect DNA. These cells are then processed to burst (‘lyse’) the cells and release the DNA from the cell nuclei, most often using commercially available DNA isolation kits (e.g. DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit, Qiagen, Manchester, UK), which contain the chemicals needed for cell lysis, protein denaturation (to remove histone and other proteins from the DNA) and purify the remaining DNA. DNA isolation typically requires a couple of hours using the reagents provided in the kits across multiple steps involving centrifugation at high speeds, but many samples can be processed at the same time for efficiency. Once DNA is collected and purified, it can be stored in a sealed tube in a typical refrigerator or freezer for many years; it is one of the most stable biological molecules known. This DNA can then be assessed across a variety of DNA analysis methods typically employed in the field of molecular exercise physiology.
Cell culture models of oral mucosal barriers: A review with a focus on applications, culture conditions and barrier properties
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2018
Lisa Bierbaumer, Uwe Yacine Schwarze, Reinhard Gruber, Winfried Neuhaus
The parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands are the three major paired salivary glands. Numerous other minor salivary glands open into the mouth and are scattered throughout the oral cavity. The parotid gland, the largest of the saliva glands, is situated in front of the external ear and is almost entirely serous. The palpable parotid duct runs superficial of the buccinator muscle and through the cheek to drain into the mouth opposite of the second permanent maxillary molar. The submandibular gland is the size of a walnut and irregular in shape but generally spheroid and is located at the posterior and lower part of the mylohyoid muscle and mostly serous. The sublingual gland is the smallest of the three major paired salivary glands; it is flat and shaped like an almond. The location is cranial of the mylohyoid muscle and beneath the mouth floor mucosa. The sublingual gland is seromucous but most cells are mucous.11
Surgical repair for transverse facial cleft: two flaps with a superiorly rotated single Z-plasty lateral to the commissure
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2019
Pan Zhou, Lin Qiu, Yan Liu, Tianwu Li, Xionghui Ding
Various techniques have been performed to repair the malformation, but we find some problems with the traditional surgical methods. Simple suture of the orbicularis oris muscle can easily cause a postoperative cheek depression. In addition, linear cutaneous closure obtains an asymmetric commissure especially when opening the mouth, and a conspicuous scar is easy to manifest at the commissure [11]. Multiple skin Z-plasty could lengthen the deficient transverse distance of the buccal tissue and prevent later scar contracture, but a more visible scar appeared [12]. Thus, the commissural flap and Z-plasty must be meticulously designed to minimize visible scarring. In addition, stomatitis or even commissural fester often emerged because of the direct suturing of the multi-layer tissue forming an acuminate angulus oris, in which saliva is stored up easily. The acuminate form cannot buffer the commissural tension when opening the mouth. This also made an unsightly postoperative dynamic appearance because the tension was obviously greater than that on the contralateral side when opening the mouth. Thus, strict adherence to the principles of surgical reconstruction in the repair of macrostomia was important to prevent a poor treatment outcome [13].
Which is more effective for pain relief during fractionated carbon dioxide laser treatment: EMLA cream or forced cold air anesthesia?
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2018
In this study, EMLA cream was applied to the right side of the patient’s face, and FCAA was performed on the left side of the face. Before the application of the EMLA cream, the patient’s face was gently cleaned with soap and water, and then topical anesthetic cream was gently applied without occlusion for 60 minutes. After cleaning off the cream, the other half of the face was divided into 10 imaginary zones for the systematic application of forced cold air. These zones are described as follows: 1) medial frontal, 2) lateral frontal, 3) lateral canthal, 4) lateral cheek, 5) midcheek, 6) medial cheek, 7) lateral chin, 8) medial chin, 9) perioral, and 10) eyelids (Figure 1). Before the laser treatment of each zone, forced cold air was applied for 55 seconds to each zone to obtain FCAA using the cooler device set at level 5. (At this level, the cooler device produces 1100 l/min of −28 °C cool air flow, leading to an expected skin temperature of 17 to 20 °C). A nurse held the handpiece of the machine 10 cm away from the skin at an angle of 90 degrees. Cooling was continued throughout the laser resurfacing procedure by the same nurse at an angle of 90 degrees in the direction of movement of the laser handpiece. The treatment parameters were decided according to the patients’ complaints and Fitzpatrick Skin Types (Power = 15 W; Dwell time = 700–1000 µs; DOT spacing = 500–800 µm; RF power = 5–15 W; RF Dwell time = 1–3 seconds).
Related Knowledge Centers
- Buccal Nerve
- Eye
- Mouth
- Mucous Membrane
- Zygomatic Bone
- Face
- Nose
- Ear
- Chin
- Jaw