The mouth, tongue and lips
Kevin G Burnand, John Black, Steven A Corbett, William EG Thomas in Browse’s Introduction to the Symptoms & Signs of Surgical Disease, 2014
Stomatitis is a general term used to describe an inflammation of the lining of the mouth, which can include the surface of the tongue. Polyps are most common on the lower lip but can also be found in the buccal mucosa, and less commonly on the side of the tongue where the teeth occlude. The mucosa is fiery red, and the tongue may lose its papillae and become smooth. Carcinoma of the tongue, like all squamous cell cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, invades the local tissues and then spreads to the regional lymph nodes in the neck. Tumours on the base of the tongue may alter the quality of the voice, the patient developing a ‘hot potato’ speech. Site Polyps are most common on the lower lip but can also be found in the buccal mucosa, and less commonly on the side of the tongue where the teeth occlude.
Tongue tie
Amy Brown, Wendy Jones in A Guide to Supporting Breastfeeding for the Medical Profession, 2019
Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue tie, is a congenital anomaly characterised by an abnormally short lingual frenulum; the tip of the tongue cannot be protruded beyond the lower incisor teeth. There are few more controversial issues in infant feeding than tongue tie. Tongue tie and its impact on infant feeding are dogged by misinformation, misunderstanding, denial and conflicting ideas. This is compounded by poor education amongst healthcare professionals and some breastfeeding supporters. Tongue tie is caused by incomplete normal tissue degeneration during the embryological formation period of the tongue. A validated assessment tool should be used to assess tongue tie which looks at both function as well as appearance. The most well-known and frequently used tool is the Hazelbaker Assessment Tool for Lingual Frenulum Function (HATLFF) which was developed by American lactation consultant Dr Alison Hazelbaker in 1993. A simpler tool derived from the HATLFF is the Bristol Tongue Assessment Tool.
3 TONGUE
Crispian Scully, Stephen Flint, Stephen Flint, Kursheed Moos, Jose Bagan in Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, 2010
The specialized mucosa on the dorsum of the tongue, adapted for taste and mastication, is keratinized. The posterior third of the tongue, difficult to visualize, contains the lingual tonsils —round or oval prominences of lymphoid tissue with intervening lingual crypts lined by non-keratinized epithelium, lying between the epiglottis posteriorly and the circumvallate papillae anteriorly. It is usually divided in the midline by a ligament. The lingual tonsils are part of Waldeyer oropharyngeal ring of lymphoid tissue.
Speech adaptation to a self‐inflicted cosmetic tongue split: Perceptual and ultrasonographic analysis
Published in Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 2006
In the cosmetic tongue split operation, the anterior tongue blade is split along the midline of the tongue. The goal of this case study was to obtain preliminary data on speech and tongue motility in a participant who had performed this operation on himself. The participant underwent an articulation test and a tongue motility assessment, as well as an ultrasound examination. Tongue motility was mildly reduced as a result of tissue scarring. Speech was rated to be highly intelligible and acceptable by 4 raters, although 2 raters noticed slight distortions of the sibilants /s/ and /z/. The 3‐dimensional ultrasound demonstrated that the synergy of the 2 sides of the tongue was preserved and that the patient compensated for the tongue split with increased medio‐lateral compression of the two sides of the tongue. It is concluded that the tongue split procedure did not significantly affect the participant's speech intelligibility and tongue motility.
Acoustic and tongue kinematic vowel space in speakers with and without dysarthria
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2017
Jimin Lee, Meghan Anne Littlejohn, Zachary Simmons
Purpose: The purpose is to investigate acoustic and tongue body kinematic vowel dispersion patterns and vowel space in speakers with and without dysarthria secondary to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Method: Acoustic and tongue kinematic vowel spaces were examined at the same time sampling point using electromagnetic articulography in 11 speakers with dysarthria secondary to ALS and 11 speakers without dysarthria. Tongue kinematic data were collected from the tongue body sensor (∼25 mm posterior from the tongue apex). A number of acoustic and tongue body kinematic variables were tested. Result: The result showed that the acoustic and tongue kinematic vowel dispersion patterns are different between the groups. Acoustic and tongue body kinematic vowel spaces are highly correlated; however, unlike acoustic vowel space, tongue body kinematic vowel space was not significantly different between the groups. Conclusion: Both acoustic and tongue kinematic vowel dispersion patterns are sensitive to the group difference, especially with high vowels. The tongue kinematic vowel space approach is too crude to differentiate the speakers with dysarthria secondary to ALS from speakers without dysarthria. To examine tongue range of motion in speakers with dysarthria, a more refined articulatory kinematic approach needs to be examined in the future.
Mathematical modelling of tongue deformation during swallow in patients with head and neck cancer
Published in Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems, 2016
Olusegun J. Ilegbusi, Nadun Kuruppumullage, Erin Silverman, Vicki Lewis, Jeffrey Lehman, Bari Hoffman Ruddy
ABSTRACT Cancer localized to the tongue is often characterized by increased stiffness in the affected region. This stiffness affects swallow in a manner that is difficult to quantify in patients. A biomechanical model was developed to simulate the spatio-temporal deformation of the tongue during the pharyngeal phase of swallow in patients with cancer of the tongue base. The model involves finite element analysis (FEA) of a three-dimensional (3D) model of the tongue reconstructed from magnetic resonance images (MRI). The tongue tissue is assumed to be hyper-elastic. In order to examine the effects of tissue change (increased stiffness) due to the presence of cancer localized to the tongue base, various sections of the 3D geometry are modified to exhibit different elastic properties. Three cases are considered, representing the normal tongue, a tongue with early-stage cancer, and tongue with late-stage cancer. Early- and late-stage cancers are differentiated by the degree of stiffness within the base of tongue tissue. Analysis of the model suggests that healthy tongue has a maximum deformation of 9.38 mm, whereas tongues having mild cancer and severe cancer have a maximum deformation of 8.65 and 6.17 mm, respectively. Biomechanical modelling is a useful tool to explain and estimate swallowing abnormalities associated with tongue cancer and post-treatment characteristics.
Related Knowledge Centers
- Saliva
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