China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Pathology of Human Bladder Cancer and Related Lesions
Published in George T. Bryan, Samuel M. Cohen, The Pathology of Bladder Cancer, 2017
Gilbert H. Friedell, George K. Nagy, Samuel M. Cohen
Other forms of cystitis include eosinophilic cystitis in which large numbers of the eosinophils are present91 and gangrenous cystitis.92 The latter is usually related to certain organisms, whereas the former does not appear to have a known etiology. Emphysematous cystitis93 consists of gas bubbles present in the subepithelial connective tissue. This may occur spontaneously in diabetics where bacterial fermentation of glucose leads to gas formation, but in nondiabetics the pathogenesis is not known. The gas-filled spaces may have a mild, surrounding chronic inflammatory reaction or foreign body giant cells and may have surrounding fibrosis.
Test Paper 6
Published in Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike, Get Through, 2017
Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike
Cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis are inflammatory processes of the bladder wall with multiple small, round, cyst-like elevations in the submucosa. They are often associated with irritants such as chronic infection, calculi or bladder outlet obstruction. The hallmark of emphysematous cystitis is gas within the bladder wall. The main risk factors are diabetes mellitus and bladder outflow obstruction. Eosinophilic cystitis can present with a nodular bladder wall, but the nodules would be echogenic on ultrasound in comparison with the fluid-filled cysts of cystitis cystica. In any event, all focal bladder abnormalities seen at imaging should be evaluated cystoscopically. In interstitial cystitis, the bladder wall becomes thick and trabeculated.
Endoscopy
Published in Linda Cardozo, Staskin David, Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynecology - Two-Volume Set, 2017
Musaab Sarmad Yassin, John Michael Henderson, Francis Xavier Keeley
Figure 39.23 (A–d) eosinophilic cystitis As A symptom of An idiopAthic hypereosinophiliA syndrome. (Courtesy of r. nofAl, DepArtment of urologie, borromäus-HospitAl, Leer, GermAny.) (A) tumorlike indurAtion At the bottom of the blAdder. (b) tumorlike indurAtion of the ureterAl orifice, left side. (c) IndurAtion of the ureterAl groin. (d) endoscopic view of the vAginA. (With kind permission from springer science+business MediA: MAnuAl Endourology: TrAining for Residents, 2005, Hohenfellner r And stolzenburg J-u.)
Moderate-to-severe eosinophilia induced by treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors: 37 cases from a national reference center for hypereosinophilic syndromes and the French pharmacovigilance database
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Quentin Scanvion, Johana Béné, Sophie Gautier, Aurélie Grandvuillemin, Christine Le Beller, Chouki Chenaf, Nicolas Etienne, Solenn Brousseau, Alexis B. Cortot, Laurent Mortier, Delphine Staumont-Sallé, Franck Morschhauser, Alexandra Forestier, Matthieu Groh, David Launay, Eric Hachulla, Myriam Labalette, Jean-Emmanuel Kahn, Guillaume Lefèvre
In the FPVD, cases were selected using logical combinations of the MedDRA preferred terms “eosinophilia”, “eosinophil count abnormal”, “eosinophil count increased”, “eosinophil percentage abnormal”, “eosinophil percentage increased”, “eosinophilic cellulitis”, “eosinophilic fasciitis”, “eosinophilic pustular folliculitis”, “eosinophilic pustulosis”, “drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms”, “eosinophilia myalgia syndrome”, “allergic eosinophilia”, “pulmonary eosinophilia”, “eosinophilic pleural effusion”, “eosinophilic bronchitis”, “eosinophilic pneumonitis”, “eosinophilic pneumonitis acute”, “eosinophilic pneumonitis chronic”, “gastroenteritis eosinophilic”, “eosinophilic colitis”, “eosinophilic oesophagus”, “hepatic infiltration eosinophilic”, “eosinophilic myocarditis”, “eosinophilic cystitis”, “eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis”, “meningitis eosinophilic”, “panniculitis eosinophilic”, “hypereosinophilic syndrome” AND “ipilimumab”, “nivolumab” or “pembrolizumab” exposure; only cases where an adverse reaction to the drugs were “suspected” were selected.38
Safety and tolerability of available urate-lowering drugs: a critical review
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2019
Larysa Strilchuk, Federica Fogacci, Arrigo Fg Cicero
Sporadic case reports describe liver injury [128], immune thrombocytopenia [129], eosinophilic cystitis [130] and eosinophilic polymyositis induced by tranilast [131]. It is worth mentioning that the most of these patients took tranilast for reasons different from gout, mostly – for asthma and allergic diseases.
Bladder neoplasms and NF-κB: an unfathomed association
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Charles Emmanuel Jebaraj Walter, Sankari Durairajan, Kalaiselvi Periyandavan, George Priya Doss C, Dicky John Davis G, Hannah Rachel Vasanthi A, Thanka Johnson, Hatem Zayed
At the end of the 19th century, the relationship between inflammation and cancer was an expanding focus of research. Inflammatory conditions that occur before malignant changes are observed serve as one of the many probable triggers for some type of cancers. Conversely, an oncogenic change creates an inflammatory microenvironment that protects the progression of tumors in other types of cancer [17]. Inflammation is a self-limiting step, during which the cells are rescued from death due to damage caused by external factors or infection. Interstitial cystitis, proliferative cystitis (von Brunn’s nests), chronic cystitis, cystitis cystitica, cystitis glandularis, eosinophilic cystitis and follicular cystitis are a few inflammatory conditions that occur in the bladder (Figure 1). Interstitial cystitis (bladder pain syndrome) manifests suprapubic pain related to bladder filling, accompanied by an increased frequency of urination and other symptoms, with no urinary infection or other pathology. This condition results in classic inflammatory-type lesions that might appear microscopically with normal histology, mucosal ulceration, overlying fibrinous exudates and necrotic debris. The lamina propria is filled with chronic inflammatory cells, prominent mast cells, fibrosis and an absence of bacteria. There is a non-ulcer type of interstitial cystitis where the urothelium appears normal or can have multiple glomerulations [18]. The presence of von Brunn’s nests is observed in 85–95% of bladders, increasing with age. The nests consist of cytologically benign urothelium in the lamina propria with regular spacing extending to the same horizontal level at the base of proliferation. They sometimes extend with surface epithelium with minimal inflammation lacking a stromal reaction. The nested variant of urothelial carcinoma is mimicked in florid cases with no muscle invasion, which is usually mistaken for inverted papilloma, carcinoid tumors, paraganglioma and normal paraganglionic cells [19]. Cystitis glandularis is the transformation of mucosal cells lining the urinary bladder where they undergo glandular metaplasia (irritated tissues take on a gland form). These lesions are usually small microscopic foci that occasionally form raised intramucosal or polypoid lesions contained within the submucosa. They normally tend to bud from the surface mucosa and merge with von Brunn’s nests within the lamina propria and submucosa. Cystitis glandularis can be a non-mucinous and mucinous (intestinal) type. Individuals with diffuse intestinal-type cystitis glandularis are at an increased risk of developing bladder cancer. Like cystitis glandularis, cystitis cystica is a lesion arising from von Brunn’s nests but with a degenerated central cystic area [20].