China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Cardiac diseases in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Saravanan Kuppuswamy, Sudarshan Balla
Patients with infections of the GI or GU tract may have intermittent or sustained enterococcal bacteremia. For patients with the conditions listed in Table 9, with an established GI or GU tract infection, or for those who receive antibiotic therapy to prevent wound infection or sepsis associated with a GI or GU tract procedure, it may be reasonable that the antibiotic regimen includes an agent active against enterococci, such as penicillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, or vancomycin (44).
The gastrointestinal system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Sharon J. White, Francis A. Carey
Chronic peptic ulcers tend to occur near mucosal junctions, i.e. in the first part of the duodenum, the proximal gastric antrum, and near the squamocolumnar junction in the oesophagus. In this discussion we concern ourselves principally with gastric ulcers (GUs) and duodenal ulcers (DUs). Peptic ulcers in the oesophagus are morphologically similar, but are more closely related in their aetiology to reflux oesophagitis and Barrett's oesophagus. GUs and DUs are common, and share an association with H. pylori infection and chronic gastritis, but they do show some important differences (see Table 10.1), e.g. duodenal ulcer tends to occur in a younger age group, in patients of blood group O, and in those with high normal or increased gastric acid output. GU is a disease of older individuals who have normal or low acid output. In all cases there is a persistent mucosal defect (commonly 1–2 cm in diameter) with well-defined edges (Figure 10.26). The floor (surface) of the ulcer consists of fibrin and non-viable tissue debris. This overlies a layer of granulation tissue and a base of fibrous tissue. These changes almost always extend into the muscularis and commonly beyond, to involve surrounding tissues and organs (e.g. the pancreas) in a chronic inflammatory mass.
Perioperative care of the pediatric and adolescent gynecology patient
Published in Joseph S. Sanfilippo, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Veronica Gomez-Lobo, Sanfilippo's Textbook of Pediatric and Adolescent GynecologySecond Edition, 2019
Geri D. Hewitt, Mary E. Fallat
In 2007, the recommendations for prevention of infective endocarditis (IE) were updated by the American Heart Association.13 The administration of antibiotics solely to prevent endocarditis is not recommended for patients who undergo a genitourinary (GU) or gastrointestinal (GI) procedure. The risk of antibiotic-associated adverse events exceeds the benefit, if any, of the prophylactically administered antibiotics. Although a large number of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that involve the GU or GI tracts may cause transient enterococcal bacteremia, no published data demonstrate a conclusive link between these procedures and the development of IE, and no studies exist to show that prophylactic administration of antibiotics in high-risk patients during these procedures reduces the incidence of IE. In a patient with an established GU or GI infection who must undergo an operative procedure, it may be reasonable to include in the antibiotic regimen an agent active against enterococci, such as penicillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, or vancomycin, or to delay the procedure if it is not urgent.
Gastric protective effect of Alpinia officinarum flavonoids: mediating TLR4/NF-κB and TRPV1 signalling pathways and gastric mucosal healing
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Kaiwen Lin, Tang Deng, Huijuan Qu, Hongya Ou, Qifeng Huang, Bingmiao Gao, Xiaoliang Li, Na Wei
To further clarify the anti-GU effect and mechanism of F.AOH, this study established a rat model of acetic acid-induced GU and an ethanol-induced acute injury model of human gastric mucosal epithelial cells to simulate the environment of chronic GU disease and gastric mucosal epithelial cell injury, respectively. The evaluation and mechanism research of F.AOH anti-GU through relevant GU characteristic indexes include measurement of ulcer area, histopathological evaluation, expression and release of inflammatory proteins and inflammatory factors, and antioxidative stress effect. Transwell experiments and flow cytometry were used to detect cell repair and apoptosis. Simultaneously, we used mRNA-seq, western blotting and qPCR to screen and verify the expression of related genes and proteins and further explore the gastric protective mechanism of F.AOH.
Metabolomics approach of Symphyotrichum squamatum ethanol extract and its nano-Ag formulation protective effect on gastric ulcer via bio-chemical and pathological analyses
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Heba A. Hassan, Iriny M. Ayoub, Tamer I. M. Ragab, Sherif M. Afifi, Abd El-Nasser G. El-Gendy, Abdel Razik H. Farrag, Ahmed M. Abd-ELGawad, Mohamed Farag, Abdelsamed Elshamy, Naglaa M. Ammar
Gastric ulcer (GU) is a benign lesion associated with an imbalance between gastric protective agents and aggressive physical, chemical, or psychological disorders on the mucosal epithelium, with multiple aetiologies (Mousa et al.2019). Smoking, stress, alcohol, extended administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs), gastric acid hypersecretion, pepsin activity, gastric contractions, gastric mucosa ischaemia, and particularly infection by Helicobacter pylori bacteria can lead to gastric ulcers (Song et al.2019). The ethanol-induced gastric ulcer rodent model is commonly used to study acute gastritis (Cho and Ogle 1992). Ethanol disrupts the integrity of the gastrointestinal barrier by exfoliating cells and increasing mucosal permeability, which can lead to bleeding in some cases (Sofi et al.2020). Omeprazole which is used to treat gastric ulcers can be occasionally ineffective due to drug interaction or undesirable side effects. Identification of bioactive agents form plant extracts presented promising approach in the treatment of stomach ulcers, making them an appealing source of novel medications (Al-Wajeeh et al.2017).
Comparison of 3D conformal radiation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy in patients with endometrial cancer: efficacy, safety and prognostic analysis
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2019
Minh-Hanh Ta, Antoine Schernberg, Paul Giraud, Laurie Monnier, Émile Darai, Sofiane Bendifallah, Michel Schlienger, Emmanuel Touboul, Alexandre Orthuon, Thierry Challand, Florence Huguet, Eleonor Rivin del Campo
The impact of IMRT on toxicity is currently investigated in the RTOG 1203 phase III study, in which 278 patients with endometrial or uterine cervical cancer are randomized between a four-field-standard 3DCRT and IMRT. Preliminary results showed a decrease in toxicity and a better quality of life after 5 weeks of irradiation with IMRT [27]. In this study, 30% of the patients treated with IMRT presented at least a grade 2 GI toxicity with 5.4% presenting a grade 3 GI toxicity. This is consistent with the preliminary results of the French prospective multi-institutional clinical trial RTCMIENDOMETRE designed to evaluate the incidence of toxicity after IMRT at a dose of 45 Gy in patients with FIGO IB-II stage endometrioid cancers with 27% of grade ≥2 acute GI toxicity [23]. These results are in agreement with our current study, reporting 30.5% of GI toxicity after IMRT including 23.4% of grade ≥2. Conversely, Cho et al. have recently conducted a prospective trial with 120 patients with cervical or endometrial malignancies showing no difference in acute GI and GU toxicities between 3DCRT and IMRT, but the median dose was 5 Gy higher in IMRT group [32]. Finally, a recent review of the Cochrane database demonstrated that WPRT treated in IMRT may reduce acute toxicities versus 3DCRT (RR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.26–0.88) and at least grade 2 late GI toxicity (RR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.21–0.65), but with a low-certainty evidence. The authors included only two trials about prostate and cervical cancers but no endometrial cancer [12].