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Clinical Toxicology of Snake Bites in South America
Published in Jürg Meier, Julian White, Handbook of: Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, 2017
Muscle necrosis caused by Crotalus venom is attributed to crotoxin, compounded by crotapotin (without enzymatic activity) and phospholipase A2. The myotoxicity in human envenoming by Crotalus was first described in 198536, demonstrating lack of haemolysis in patients bitten by South American rattlesnakes37. Degenerative/necrotic changes and regeneration signs in striated muscle fibers type I or IIa are observed38. Experimentally many species of Micrurus from Brazil and Colombia induce myotoxicity39. The correlation of this finding with clinical envenoming needs further studies
Improvement of Naja haje snake antivenom production using gamma radiation and a biotechnological technique
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Heba Karam, Esmat Shaaban, Aly Fahmy, Hala Zaki, Sanaa Kenawy
Based on the fact that, gamma irradiation is the most successful method to detoxify crotoxin venom since toxicity reduction is due to a precocious crotoxin endocytosis by phagocytic cells, improving the antigen processing (Cardi et al. 1998). This occurs because the irradiation promotes molecule oxidation, facilitating its phagocytosis due to the presence of scavenger receptors in the macrophages surface. Moreover, it is known that antigens, as they enter the organism, suffer an oxidation process by the defensive cells to facilitate phagocytosis. In irradiated samples, macrophages already find these molecules oxidized, and therefore, they eliminate this step of the process. A better processing, associated to a faster antigen presentation, makes the immune system produce more complete antibodies against a higher number of antigen epitopes (Rogero and Nascimento 1995).
Immunotoxicological effects triggered by the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus cumanensis, mapanare (Bothrops colombiensis) venoms and its purified fractions on spleen and lymph nodes cells
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2020
María M. Pulido-Méndez, Elvia Azuaje, Alexis Rodríguez-Acosta
Crotalus snakes are responsible for about 15% of the envenomation occurring in South America, with a high percentage of envenoming and mortality caused by the neurotoxic effect of its main component Crotoxin (CTX) [1,2]. Crotalus durissus cumanensis (Cdc) species is widely distributed all over geographic areas of Venezuela. Several studies have revealed venom intra and interspecies variability related to the original location. Differences were found in fibrinolytic activity [3], in the hemostatic activity [4], and in neurotoxic action of venoms [5].
In vivo genotoxic and cytotoxic evaluation of venom obtained from the species of the snake ophryacus, cope, viperidae
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Mariel Valdés-Arellanes, Gerardo Ortega-Hernández, Doralí M. Cervantes-Santos, Michael Joshue Rendón-Barrón, Eduardo Osiris Madrigal-Santillán, José Antonio Morales-González, Rogelio Paniagua-Pérez, Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar, Isela Álvarez-González
Regarding the genotoxic field, some crude venoms and their specific components have been studied. In two interesting reports by Marcussi et al. (2011, 2013) the authors applied the micronucleus test and the comet assay to venoms from various species of Bothrops, Wagler, Viperidae, as well as to the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus Amaral, Viperidae; moreover, the same tests were applied to several isolated toxins. The studies were made in cultivated human lymphocytes and, in agreement with our data, the authors found a variable response; in which several specific toxins showed a stronger effect, for example, crotoxin, crotamine, and BthTX-1. In another study Silva et al. (2018) found a significant micronuclei increase and DNA fragmentation in a breast cancer human cell line treated with a lys-49phospholipase A2 obtained from Bothrops pauloensis, Amaral, Viperidae, interestingly, the effect was highly elevated in comparison with normal cells; besides, utilizing the comet assay, Machado et al. (2018), demonstrated a significant DNA damage on the carcinogenic human Caco-2 cell line when these cells were exposed to an L-amino acid oxidase isolated from the venom of Bothrops jararacussu, Cerda, Viperidae. The effect was, however, only observed with the highest tested dose. The effect of L-amino oxidases from the Calloselasma rhodostoma venom was also found to produce DNA damage in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) (Costa et al. 2018). Moreover, Novak Zobiole et al. (2015) applying the comet assay in Vero cells, and the micronucleus test in mouse in vivo, determined genotoxic damage induced by Bothrops moojeni snake venom. These data clearly suggest the relevance of testing the effect of the presently studied venoms over normal and cancerous cells.