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An Insight into Advanced Nanoparticles as Multifunctional Biomimetic Systems in Tissue Engineering
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Kusha Sharma, Abhay Tharmatt, Pooja A Chawla, Kamal Shah, Viney Chawla, Bharti Sapra, Neena Bedi
Current options to treat bone defects include replacing lost bone with allogeneic or similar bone grafts. Nevertheless, bone grafting is restricted due to high failure rates, donor site morbidity, risks of surgical complications, and limited availability of free bone tissue to be harvested (Wang and Yeung, 2017). Biomaterials under development could simulate the natural extracellular matrix of the bone structure. These biomaterials are being engineered with the application of nanotechnology (Yao et al., 2019). Because the ECM structure has nanoscale properties, nanomaterials are studied as biomimetics for the ECM structure (Barnes et al., 2007).
Bio-Implants Derived from Biocompatible and Biodegradable Biopolymeric Materials
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
3D bone structure requires porosity, for the flow of nutrients, blood, oxygen, and mineral. Production of such structure remains a problem using conventional methods. Blends made up of PLA and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) is a suitable material that gives properties required. Bone grafting method is used for the repair of bones that are severely damaged or lost completely. Arthritis, traumatic injury, and surgery for bone tumor are very common in the senior people. New researches for the design of new materials for the wide application are very much necessary. There can be permanent or temporary bone replacement depending on the properties of the material. A permanent bone replacement can use when a bone is missing due to some conditions. A temporary implant is used when the implant could be removed when the treatment is completed [101]. The selection will be depending on various factors, the purpose clinical application, defect area size, mechanical, and strength properties, material availability, and required bioactivity, material handling, cost aspects, and ethical concepts [105, 106].
Animal Models of Bone Defect Repair
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman
Bone grafting is aimed to provide the missing elements necessary for bone formation in a bone defect and thereby restore the bone integrity. Using cell-seeding to a substrate to make an implantable graft is not a new concept.147,148 Recently, a few groups reported some preliminary and very important data on the use of cell-seeded implants for repairing osseous or chondral defects.93,149-151 In 1991, Frayssinet et al. reported that bone cells from canine humeri were grown on HA granules and the cell-HA composite was placed in a bioreactor and implanted into a canine ulna defect. Osteogenesis was seen in active bioreactors three weeks after implantation.93 Cultured chondrocytes bound to a HA block were implanted to repair a rabbit ulna defect.70 Osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1) were also used to study the potential of bioabsorbable polymers and ceramics to support osteoblastic growth for a bone-polymer composite in bone repair.150
Recent Advances in Biomaterials for the Treatment of Bone Defects
Published in Organogenesis, 2020
Le-Yi Zhang, Qing Bi, Chen Zhao, Jin-Yang Chen, Mao-Hua Cai, Xiao-Yi Chen
Bone defects produced by large bone tumor resections, trauma-induced nonunion fractures, biochemical disorders, infections, or abnormal skeletal development due to genetic disorders, are a major cause of disability and a loss of quality of life globally.6 The treatment of bone defects to recover normal bone morphology and function represents an important and unmet clinical challenge, particularly when bone healing is impaired.7 There are several reasons for bone healing defects, including bone loss due to injury, impaired vascularization, dysregulated immune responses, infection and osteomyelitis.8 Surgical techniques, including the implantation of synthetic bone substitutes and bone graft implants, have been developed to aid bone recovery.9 Bone grafting replaces the missing bone during surgery, and as a procedure, its demand is widespread, second only to blood transplants in terms of treatment frequency.7, 10 Autographs remain the front line therapy but their attainability is complex and their effectiveness is limited by the associated morbidity during harvesting and poor clinical performance, particularly in osteoporosis patients.11 Therefore, the development of new, effective and safer alternatives is urgently required in the field of bone regenerative therapy.
Guided Bone Regeneration of Femoral Segmental Defects using Equine Bone Graft: An In-Vivo Micro-Computed Tomographic Study in Rats
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2019
Mohammed Awadh Binsalah, Sundar Ramalingam, Mohammed Alkindi, Nasser Nooh, Khalid Al-Hezaimi
Although autologous bone grafting is considered the gold standard for regeneration of osseous defects, the autologous bone harvested from the femoral defect and used in the positive control group was of low volume and predominantly cortical in nature. A further source of autologous bone from the study animals was not considered due to the risk of morbidity to the animals. The above factors could be considered an impediment to the routine use of autologous bone grafting even in true clinical scenarios.4,5,16 Moreover, the resorption of osteoconductive scaffolds also plays an important role in the process of bone remodeling in GBR.16,27 Using in-vivo micro-CT it was possible to assess the rate of resorption of equine bone graft during different study periods in addition to the new bone formation. It was found that the mean rate of bone graft resorption was proportional to the rate of new bone formation. Interestingly, the greatest amount of bone resorption and new bone formation were observed within the initial 2-weeks following bone graft placement in both the positive control and equine bone groups. However, in the equine bone group a second peak of increased bone graft resorption was observed between the 4th and 6th weeks, which could have positively contributed to the overall higher NFB-volume in this group by the 8th week.
A comprehensive overview on utilizing electromagnetic fields in bone regenerative medicine
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2019
Esmaeel Azadian, Bahar Arjmand, Zohreh Khodaii, Abdolreza Ardeshirylajimi
Bone is a living tissue that has the capability to heal and remodel after fractures; however, it is not able to restore critical sized defects and requires interventions. Bone grafting is a commonly used surgical intervention for bone repair that applies three types of grafts including autografts, allografts, and synthetic grafts. In autograft method, the bone is taken from a part of a patient’s own body and then transplanted into another part of the same patient’s body. In allograft, bone is obtained from a donor for transplantation in another person. Synthetic grafts have been made from biocompatible and bioresorbable substances with similar structural and mechanical properties to bone. Despite their vast applications, there are some serious drawbacks associated with the application of these grafts, plus none of them guarantees osteogenesis, osteoinduction and osteoconduction properties, simultaneously (Giannoudis et al., 2005). Tissue engineering, as a promising method to overcome the limitations of grafts application and the serious demand for bone grafts, is an increasingly important area in bone healing that has received considerable critical attention.