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The Antidepressant Effects of Yueue and the Herbs of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
In a clinical study, Kai xin san was more effective than fluoxetine at two, four, and eight weeks in moderately depressed patients.35 Several studies have shown the likely molecular basis for the antidepressant effect. The Kai xin san mixture stimulated cultured astrocytes to release BDNF and other nerve growth factors.36,37 Along with stimulation of neurotrophic factors, Kai xin san may also produce antidepressant effects in rats by enhancing various aspects of serotonergic activity.38
Beyond Enzyme Kinetics
Published in Clive R. Bagshaw, Biomolecular Kinetics, 2017
Oscillatory reactions are well known in inorganic chemistry, where the first discovered examples involved heterogeneous reactions in which the components were in different phases [90,268]. This physical separation of reactants contributed to the delay in feedback because of slow diffusion. Subsequently, oscillatory reactions were found in homogeneous solutions, where the inherent chemical kinetics gave rise to the delay in feedback. Oscillatory behavior is observed only over a narrow concentration range of specific components in which the mathematical solution to steady-state rate equations is a quadratic equation that has two real roots. Therefore, the concentrations of these intermediates show bistability and oscillate between these two solutions. Note that at least one of the components of the reaction must be far from equilibrium and is consumed during the reaction. Oscillations cease once this component drops below a critical concentration. Reactions that are approaching equilibrium do not oscillate. In the ABC reaction of Equation 2.30, the concentration of B initially rises and then falls, but it does not undergo repeated oscillations at the ensemble level. Biological clocks usually operate at the “systems” level. Oscillations have long been known within the glycolysis pathway [269]. Other well-characterized examples include the cyclin proteins, which are synthesized and degraded through regulated gene expression to control the cell cycle [51]. However, there is an example of a biological oscillator, which can be investigated using isolated purified proteins in vitro and modeled using the Law of Mass Action. The Kai proteins of the cyanobacterial circadian clock show spontaneous oscillations in the phosphorylation state within a near 24-hour period [270–276].
Temperature compensation and entrainment in cyanobacteria circadian rhythm
Published in Chronobiology International, 2023
Cyanobacteria are the simplest organisms to have circadian rhythms (Iwasaki and Kondo 2004). The cyanobacterial circadian clock is composed of two coupled components: a transcriptional/translational feedback loop (TTFL) and a post-translational oscillator (PTO). The key components of the circadian rhythms in cyanobacteria are KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC proteins (Ishiura et al. 1998). In TTFL, kaiBC mRNA transcribed by a single gene (kaiBC gene) is translated into KaiB and KaiC proteins (Ishiura et al. 1998); kaiBC gene expression is suppressed by phosphorylated KaiC (Nishiwaki et al. 2004). The negative feedback regulation of the kaiBC gene expression generates an autonomous oscillation, which is considered as a critical component for cyanobacteria rhythms (Ishiura et al. 1998). In PTO, the KaiC phosphorylation process are regulated by KaiA and KaiB proteins; KaiA promotes the phosphorylation of KaiC, and KaiB activates nonphosphorylation of (Iwasaki et al. 2002; Kitayama et al. 2003).
Efficacy and safety of Chinese patent medicine (Kang-ai injection) as an adjuvant in the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Chuihua Sun, Fang Dong, Ting Xiao, Wenni Gao
The results of the present meta-analysis indicate that the combination of KAI and conventional treatment is effective in the treatment of patients with advanced HCC. The clinical application of KAI not only enhanced the therapeutic effects of conventional treatment, but also improved the QoL effectively and significantly alleviated the adverse effects associated with conventional therapy. Hence, the use of KAI may be a suitable complementary and alternative treatment for HCC. Conversely, the low quality of some of the publications included in the analysis increased the risk of bias, which affects the reliability of the present research to a certain extent. Hence, the scenario warrants further studies that can offer reliable evidence to verify the efficacy of KAI as an adjuvant therapy in the management of HCC.