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Methods of Bioethics
Published in Joel Michael Reynolds, Christine Wieseler, The Disability Bioethics Reader, 2022
These ideas show up in many ways in bioethical considerations. Let’s consider reproductive justice. Reproductive rights could be negative rights that (1) prevent others from making reproductive technologies such as abortion, contraception, and fertility technologies illegal, and (2) prevent others from forcing or coercing sterilization and abortion and even unwanted reproduction upon us. However, reproductive rights could also be positive rights that entitle someone to have contraception, abortion, or fertility technologies provided to them by others. Reproductive justice is often concerned with reproductive rights, both positive and negative, and there is a long and painful history in the USA and elsewhere of reproductive injustice against persons with disability. This includes the famous case of Carrie Buck who was sterilized without her consent by those who claimed she was unfit to reproduce, a decision upheld in the Supreme Court case of Buck v. Bell.
Postcolonial midwifery
Published in Hanna Laako, Georgina Sánchez-Ramírez, Midwives in Mexico, 2021
Reproductive rights can be considered part of the newer generation of rights. In human rights literature, political and civil rights are usually considered the first generation of human rights, whereas the second generation focuses on rights related to equality. The third generation of human rights is more involved with identity and “soft laws”—laws that are passed to defend particular principles, such as women’s rights to be free from obstetric violence, yet are rarely enforced (Kuokkanen 2012). Generally, statements about reproductive rights are not binding and are among the most disputed rights at national and global levels. These politicized issues include abortion, birth control, freedom from coerced sterilization, protection from female genital mutilation and access to good-quality healthcare, family planning and education on sexually transmitted infections. Various chapters in this book have made reference to these politicized rights in terms of midwifery, as well.
Conceptions of transgender parenthood in fertility care and family planning in Sweden: from reproductive rights to concrete practices
Published in Zeynep B. Gürtin, Charlotte Faircloth, Conceiving Contemporary Parenthood, 2020
Jenny Gunnarsson Payne, Theo Erbenius
As our study demonstrates, the process of reconceptualising parenthood so as to include transgender people has not been a straightforward process. Indeed, the initial work to de-naturalise sterilisation and work for a new law was subsequently followed by a long process of re-naturalising transgender patients as (potential) fertility patients and (potential) future parents. While the interviewed medical staff all expressed positive attitudes about welcoming transgender patients in the fertility clinic, it is clear that they had to find strategies of un-learning cis-normative ways of talking and thinking about reproduction and parenthood as well as creating new routines and habits to implement this new perspective. Crucially, the medical staff and transgender advocates acknowledged a number of remaining obstacles to implementing these new reproductive rights in practice. Such identified obstacles include inadequate funding to meet an increased number of patients as well as cis-normative legislations that either prevent patients to use their frozen gametes and/or create an unsafe legal situation for their children.
Developing the menstrual justice agenda: insights from a mixed method study in the mid-western region of Nepal
Published in Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 2023
Fran Amery, Melanie Channon, Mahesh C. Puri, Jennifer Thomson
The security risks faced by those who practise chhaupadi have been well documented by the international media, which has arguably been the impetus for domestic legal change. The reproductive rights literature is increasingly interested in the links that reproductive rights have to security.33 As detailed above, the practice of chhaupadi moves beyond invisible social stigma to present material security concerns. Of all of our proposed categories, this may seem the most specific to the Nepali context; as we have noted, chhaupadi is at the extreme end of menstrual restrictions globally, and the majority of people who menstruate will not experience security risks of this type. However, Nepal is not the only place where those who menstruate face restrictions or even isolation during menstruation.34,35 We therefore need to pay attention to the impact that menstrual taboos, stigma and restrictions can have on the livelihood and (sense of) safety and security of those who menstruate.36
The Elephant in the Room – A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of Older Adults’ Sexuality
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2022
Adina Cismaru-Inescu, Stéphane Adam, Anne Nobels, Philippe Kempeneers, Marie Beaulieu, Christophe Vandeviver, Ines Keygnaert, Laurent Nisen
We hypothesize that the dearth of research on sexuality in old age is due to the lack of aging sexual health policies before 2013, as well as the uneasiness of communication of healthcare professionals with older adult patients regarding aging sexuality. For the moment, we identified only four policy documents that discussed the actual problems in sexual health and aging. They set a few objectives, including the promotion of sexual health and the rights of older people and the education and training of healthcare professionals on sexual health. However, these have appeared many years after the adoption of the Programme of Action at the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo in 1994. This program emphasized the fundamental role of women’s interests in population matters and introduced the concepts of sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights.
Universal health coverage: another political space in which to expand the elimination of sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights
Published in Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 2020
The 2019 UHC declaration seeks to “ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the Beijing Platform for Action” (p. 10).2 However, these original references to SRHR in the ICPD already contained a compromise. The term “sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights” specifically separates reproductive rights from sexual rights. Yet even this compromised language is still unacceptable to some states which oppose SRHR, including, most notably, the Trump administration.8 After the 2019 UHC conference, the United States submitted its country statement stating: “We do not accept the terms ‘sexual and reproductive health’ and ‘sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights’ in this Declaration”.9 The longstanding objections over rights and, in particular, sexual rights11 have broadened into a refusal to accept SRH services, let alone rights.