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Conjugation of Polymers with Biomolecules and Polymeric Vaccine Development Technologies
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Polymers are high molecular weight compounds formed by binding a large number of molecules with chemical bonds on a regular basis. “Poly” is a Greek word and means “many” and “mer” means “repetitive”. Polymers are found in many areas of our lives such as clothing, contact lenses, home-building materials, and health products. Polymers are of two groups; synthetic natural polymers include nylon, polyethylene, polyester, Teflon, and epoxy while natural polymers occur in nature and can be extracted. They are often water-based. Another group of naturally occurring polymers are silk, wool, DNA, cellulose, and proteins. For this book the synthetic biopolymer class is of importance. This class includes plastics, fibers, elastomers, resins, and adhesives (Li and Fu 2017).
Conclusion
Published in Jay A. Goldstein, Chronic Fatigue Syndromes, 2020
A comprehensive hypothesis should account for why CFS is made worse by stress, exercise, infection, and possibly nasal allergy. The first three stimuli release IL-1 alpha, which is membrane bound and acts locally, and IL-1 beta, which can act distantly in the manner of a neuropeptide. 13 Ampligen decreased serum levels of IL-1 alpha in responders; IL-1 beta was not measured. Almost nothing is known about the effect of Ampligen in the brain. Poly I: Poly C, a related compound with a longer duration of action, has a central action since its effects on the immune system can be conditioned, 14 but no one has investigated this mechanism. Poly I: Poly C increases levels of IL-1 in the periphery. If it also does so in the brain, an effect of Ampligen might be to increase production of central IL-1 beta, thus overcoming inhibition of its effect.
The Adjuvant Action of Synthetic Polynucleotides on the Immune Response
Published in Edward P. Cohen, A. Arthur Gottlieb, Immune RNA, 2020
Prevention of immunosuppression (tolerance) of poly A:U has been reported by Kong and her co-workers.49,50 Injection of poly A:U either simultaneously with or 3 to 12 hr after the tolerogen (centrifuged BGG) prevented the establishment of tolerance in Balb/c mice. Inasmuch as the adjuvant did not function when given 1 day after this T-dependent antigen (a time when only the T cell is tolerant), the effect was postulated to be exerted on the thymus cell. Later cell-transfer studies established more directly an effect on the cortisone-resistant T cells. Transfer of cortisone-resistant thymus or bone marrow cells from donor mice given tolerogen with or without poly A:U resulted in tolerance in those mice given thymus and bone marrow cells from animals without poly A:U and immunity in mice receiving T cells from poly A:U-injected donors.51 Reversal of an already tolerant state by poly A:U has not been reported as yet.
The current state-of-the-art in pharmacotherapy for pediatric generalized anxiety disorder
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
Peter J. Castagna, Elita Farahdel, Marc N. Potenza, Michael J. Crowley
The current review of the pharmacotherapy literature for pediatric generalized anxiety provides multiple insights. First, there appears to be consistent evidence for the benefits of ‘poly-therapy,’ where the effects of pharmacotherapy seem to be amplified when in conjunction with psychotherapy [23,33]. For instance, the combination of sertraline and CBT in CAMS was associated with a large effect size of 0.86, whereas CBT or sertraline only were found to have moderate effect sizes on symptom reduction (0.32 and 0.45, respectively). Notably, the differences in treatment efficacy between the aforementioned poly- and mono-therapies emerged despite the group of youths in the sertraline and CBT groups receiving a smaller dose when compared to the sertraline-only group [23]. In terms of pediatric pharmacotherapy specifically, SSRIs are the first-line intervention, whereas SNRIs may be considered a second-line treatment. These findings are generally consistent with the adult anxiety literature [26]. While more evidence is needed, there are emerging data indicating that SSRIs are associated with a more rapid and greater reduction in anxiety symptoms when compared to SNRIs [69]. Further, there are some concerns with SNRI tolerability and evidence of increased treatment-emergent suicidality in pediatric depression [70,71].
Identification of novel genes by targeted exome sequencing in Retinoblastoma
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2022
Shilpa Bisht, Bhavna Chawla, Amit Kumar, Viswanathan Vijayan, Manoj Kumar, Pradeep Sharma, Rima Dada
The polymorphism, g.48373314A>C was present in a homozygous state in 32% (24/75) patients and has led to a change in poly(A) signal (Figure 3). In silico analysis of the polymorphism predicted it to be disease causing {Mutation tester: Prediction disease causing; Polyphen-2: N/A; SIFT: N/A}. 24 RB patients who had this polymorphism had poorly differentiated RB with optic nerve including its resected margin free of tumor. None of the controls had this polymorphism (g.48373314A>C). Pre-mRNA maturation involves the 3′-end cleavage and polyadenylation, which is considered critical for the nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of the transcript, mRNA transcript stability and translation (22). The variable lengths of the 3′ UTR created by change in the poly(A) signal is a recognizable target for differential regulation and directly affect the fate of the transcript, and thus, ultimately modulates the gene expression (23). Change in poly(A) signal which is an abnormality in the 3′-end processing mechanisms is implicated in many disorders including cancers (24). Change in poly(A) signal of RB1 mRNA which is important for the mRNA stability leads to its degradation and hence, inactivation of pRb (25,26). Since, 50/75 (66.67%) patients did not harbor mutation in the RB1 gene, so we further proceeded with targeted exome sequencing in the tumor DNA in these patients.
Administration time-dependent effects of poly (I:C) on antioxidant and immune responses along the diurnal time scale in zebrafish
Published in Chronobiology International, 2022
Costanza Guidi, M. Ángeles Esteban, Francisco J. Sánchez-Vázquez, Luisa M. Vera
The relative expression of 12 selected genes was determined in liver, kidney and skin (n = 7 samples/experimental group): four detoxification genes (sod1, gpx7, gsr, cata) and eight genes involved in the immune response (ifih1, lyz, tlr3 and tlr22 in all the tissues, with the addition of il6 and tnfα in skin, and il1β and ifnφ3 in liver and kidney). β-actin, b2m, ef1α and rpl13 were employed as the reference genes (Table 1). The target genes were selected based on previous studies about the transcriptome effects of poly (I:C) (Andresen et al. 2020; Kavaliauskis et al. 2015). All the organs sampled in this study (skin, liver and kidney) are considered key immunocompetent organs in fish, with skin being the largest immunological active organ (Kum and Sekki 2011; Lü et al. 2012).