China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Discussing Your Findings
Published in Ben Lennox Kail, Robert V. Kail, Effective Writing for Sociology, 2023
Ben Lennox Kail, Robert V. Kail
You can avoid many of the problems that bedevil discussion sections by using the template shown in Table 7.1. Because the structure of a discussion section can vary depending on the study, begin this section with a brief orienting paragraph. It should contain one to three sentences in which you review the key findings of your work; if you have more than three sentences, you're probably going into too much detail. Then include one or two sentences in which you provide an overview of the rest of the discussion, an overview that's linked to the subheadings used in the rest of the discussion. Passage 1 shows an illustrative orienting paragraph.Drawing upon data from 16 nations, we showed that occupational segregation by gender is lower in countries that provide maternity leave and greater in countries that pass anti-discrimination legislation. In the remainder of this discussion, we begin by considering some limiting conditions on the evidence. Then we discuss the mechanisms by which maternity leave may reduce gender segregation. Finally, we explore the unexpected outcome that anti-discrimination legislation increased gender segregation.
Cultural Factors Enriching Palliative Care in the Middle East
Published in Kathleen Benton, Renzo Pegoraro, Finding Dignity at the End of Life, 2020
Azar Naveen Saleem, Azza Adel Hassan
Unlike in Western society, free interaction between the opposite sexes is discouraged. Usually, healthy gender segregation is the norm once children reach the age of adolescence. In Islam, any relationship with the opposite gender should be purposeful. The institution of marriage is highly respected, forms the basis of society, and is the only acceptable relationship between an unrelated man and woman. Even 1400 years ago, as the scriptures suggest, Muslim women held their dignity and were usually shy around men; however, they were confident enough to work and address men when necessary. The Quran and the teachings of Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) have highly emphasized respecting and protecting women. The etiquette and rules of gender interaction extend to all fields, which also includes healthcare.
Reflections on the Relation Between Sex-Typed Behavior in Childhood and Sexual Orientation in Adulthood
Published in Robin M. Mathy, Jack Drescher, Childhood Gender Nonconformity and the Development of Adult Homosexuality, 2020
Empirical observation has also identified a variety of behavioral sex differences in children that have been subsumed under the construct of gender role. Common domains studied have included parameters such as affiliative preference for same-sex vs. opposite-sex peers, roles in fantasy play, toy and activity interests, dress-up play, and interest in rough-and-tumble play. Consider, as an example, peer affiliation preference. Many normative, developmental studies have shown that, when left to their own devices, boys prefer to play with other boys and girls prefer to play with other girls (Maccoby and Jacklin, 1987). Cross-sex peer affiliation preference is relatively uncommon. For example, using a questionnaire item on “favorite playmates,” it was found that only 3.0% of boys and 2.5% of girls (age range, 3-12; total N = 504) were judged by their mothers to have a cross-sex playmate preference (Johnson et al., 2004). Indeed, the phenomenon of same-gender affiliation preference is so powerful that it came to be known as “gender segregation” in the developmental literature (Maccoby, 1998). Thus, in studies of childhood sex-typed behavior in homosexual men and women, various researchers have sought to identify whether or not there was evidence for an “inversion” in sex-dimorphic play and behavior.
The gendered implications of energy gaps in health care: A comparative analysis of Haiti, Senegal, and the Democratic Republic of Congo
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2023
Vivek Shastry, Sophie M. Morse
There are gendered implications of differential energy access in health services with regards to the health workforce. It is well-documented that globally, women are concentrated in primary care, nursing, and midwifery (World Health Organization, 2019a). We found that health centers with less reliable access to energy are staffed with predominantly female-dominated cadres such as nurses who are also less well-equipped to do their jobs based on the lack of consistent availability of equipment. Gender segregation in the health workforce also leads to worse working conditions, and having poor energy supply may impede women from doing their jobs (World Health Organization, 2019a). Better electricity access can improve the retention of skilled health workers, extend nighttime service provision, and allow for a faster emergency response including for childbirth emergencies (World Health Organization, 2014). Other similar female-dominated cadres such as midwives are more available at clinics with better electricity: in Haiti, the dispensaries with better electricity access had four times as many degree midwives on average. In the DRC, health centers with grid access have more nurses on average than those that do not.
Weaker association between hearing loss and non-employment in recent generations: the HUNT cohort study
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2023
Astrid Ytrehus Jørgensen, Bo Engdahl, Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum, Lisa Aarhus
In addition, women confirmed not doing their job properly due to hearing problems more than men. Possible reasons for our findings are explored here. Some occupations have a higher proportion of men whilst others a higher proportion of women. This situation has been labelled ‘occupational gender segregation’ (Alonso-Villar et al., 2012). Data from SSB showed that 80.4% of health and social workers were women (Statistics Norway, 2008), whereas for construction workers only 8.7% were female (Statistics Norway, 2007). For most health and social workers, oral communication constitutes a major part of their work. Although oral communication has a role within construction, it would not be considered a major factor in construction work. This shows how occupational gender segregation may explain the tendency of women with HL reporting to experience hearing related job problems more than men with HL. A recent personality research study examined how occupational segregation can be attributed to psychological differences between men and women (Wright et al., 2015). Perhaps this difference might also contribute to how a HL affects their perceived work performance.
Gender inequality in Internet images: A case study of Iranian healthcare occupations in Google images
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2022
Amrollah Shamsi, Hadiseh Heidari, Mohammad Javad Mansourzadeh
Despite the fact that women have been rapidly absorbed in higher education and employment in recent decades, studies indicate gender gap in various occupation groups, and men are more committed to gender stereotypes than women (Adachi, 2013; Lampousaki, 2010) with a more traditional approach that contributes to further gender gap (Suzuki, 1994). Statistics showed that almost 6.3% of architectural and engineering managers (https://www.bls.gov/cps/aa2014/cpsaat39.pdf) and 27% of CEOs in the United States are women (Kay et al., 2015). Also, in healthcare, nurses are a prominent example of gender inequality in occupations and it is obvious that male nurses are a minority in the world (Achora, 2016). Munnich and Wozniak (2017) find out that only 13% of nurses in the United States were male in 2013. In a study by Ginevra and Nota (2017), adolescents perceived most occupations with gender-segregated stereotypes. Therefore, dealing with gender segregation of occupations should be considered from an early age.