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The Lymphatic/Immune System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Other organs also contain significant amounts of lymphoid tissue, and their location helps protect the body from invaders. On each side of the throat is a mass of lymphoid tissue called a palatine tonsil (tonsilla palatina or simply tonsil), which acts as a source of phagocytes (phagocytic cells) to the mouth and pharynx to destroy bacteria. The spleen, located in the upper abdominal cavity, consists largely of lymphoid tissue and destroys red blood cells, serves as a reservoir of blood, and produces monocytes (known specifically as splenocytes) in the fetus and newborn. The thymus also produces monocytes and lymphocytes in the fetus and newborn, but the organ usually undergoes involution after early childhood.
Rest in Neurasthenia and Allied States
Published in Francis X. Dercum, Rest, Suggestion, 2019
The neurasthenia of middle life differs in several particulars from the neurasthenia of youth and early adult life. In middle life, nutrition is no longer so active as in earlier years. Metabolic and tissue-forming processes are on the eve of involution. Strains are less well borne, reaction is less prompt, repair is less complete. If, therefore, at this period the organism be subjected to unphysiologic conditions, to overwork, to insufficient sleep, to social dissipation, to sexual excess, or to other exhausting factors, a condition of more or less profound nervous exhaustion is induced. Further, this exhaustion is, as a rule, very persistent; it always lasts a number of months and not infrequently several years. In women its symptoms are commonly confounded with the menopause. The relation between the neurasthenia of middle life and the menopause is, however, merely one of concomitance. Sexual involution is a perfectly physiologic procedure and does not of itself induce neurasthenia. Further, the neurasthenia of middle life is not by any means limited to women, but occurs quite frequently in men. The symptoms are those of ordinary simple neurasthenia, to which in women the signs of the menopause may be added. The symptoms may, it is true, be accentuated at the times of the menstrual epoch, or may be influenced by metrorrhagia or other complications, but in a large number of neurasthenic women in middle life, the menopause plays no rôle whatever.
Summary and Development of a New Approach to Senescence
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, The Thymus in Health and Senescence, 2019
Although the thymus never wholly disappears with age, it does lose 90% or more of its mass. The involution process can be characterized as a gradual loss of lymphocytes accompanied by an infiltration of fat. Other lymphoid tissues also involute, although not as severely, save possibly the tonsils. The thymus mitotic rate remains higher than that of most other tissue throughout life. Age involution is permanent, while involution arising from inanition or disease is temporary and can be reversed. Involution commences just before or just after the onset of puberty. The rate corresponds to life-span; for instance, short-lived mice strains involute more rapidly than long-lived ones.
Cost-utility study of home-based cryotherapy device for wart treatment: a randomized, controlled, and investigator-blinded trial
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Nattanichcha Kulthanachairojana, Suthira Taychakhoonavudh, Kanokvalai Kulthanan, Sumanas Bunyaratavej, Sasima Eimpunth, Bawonpak Pongkittilar, Suthasanee Prasertsook, Supisara Wongdama, Charussri Leeyaphan
Cutaneous warts are contagious skin diseases caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). The presentations are common warts, plane warts, and plantar warts. Cutaneous warts are characterized by hyperkeratotic nodules or verrucous-like lesions, although a flat-topped skin-colored lesion has been observed in some areas, such as the face and dorsum of the hands (1). The prevalence of HPV types in cutaneous warts has varied in studies (2,3). However, HPV strains and clinical characteristics, including the site of skin involvement, showed relevance (4). Although cutaneous warts commonly affect patients of all ages, the prevalence in young children is high, with reports of up to 30% (5). Cutaneous warts, without treatment, can last several years. Spontaneous resolution frequently occurs, especially in children. Moreover, approximately two-thirds of patients aged 4–20 years have been found to have spontaneous involution within 2 years (6). However, the clinical course in patients with immunocompromised status can be atypical and more extensive (7,8). Despite low morbidity, cutaneous warts still cause concern and disrupt patients’ quality of life.
Echoes of William Gowers’s concept of abiotrophy
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2022
Gilberto Levy, Bruce Levin, Eliasz Engelhardt
American biologist Raymond Pearl (1879–1940), regarded as one of the founders of biogerontology, published extensively on the subject of longevity (Jennings 1942); in one of his papers, he used “the term vitality, in a general sense, to mean the degree of intensity of vital actions” and treated it as a quantitative notion (Pearl 1927). In a book tellingly titled Vitality and Aging, Fries and Crapo (1981) examined the implications of the “rectangularization” of the mortality curve, which is of great public-health relevance for aging societies, especially through the compression of morbidity hypothesis (Fries 1980). In the field of biodemography, Li and Anderson (2009) described a “vitality model” aimed at understanding population survival and demographic heterogeneity. As we will argue, these points of contact through the notion of vitality are not to say that abiotrophy simply means premature aging—a commonly held view, as shown in several preceding quotes, which is additionally suggested by the following semantic distinction in Adams and Victor’s (1985, 450) textbook: “The process of decline or decay that occurs in all organ systems of the body after middle life is called involution; unexpected, premature decay of any given tissue or cell population has been termed abiotrophy.”
β-blocker therapy for infantile hemangioma
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Sabrina P Koh, Philip Leadbitter, Fiona Smithers, Swee T Tan
Propranolol is the mainstay treatment for problematic proliferating IH. Treatment should be initiated as soon as possible, during the early proliferative phase, prior to the development of permanent skin and stuctural changes. A number of professional societies have published guidelines for propranolol treatment, generally at a dosage of 2–3 mg/kg/day. The majority of treatment guidelines and studies recommend the goal to achieve the maximum empiric cardiovascular dosage of 2–3 mg/kg/day, as tolerated. The Australasian guidelines recommend the use of a lower dosage of 1–2 mg/kg/day, unless a lower dose is clinically effective. A recent small cohort study suggests the use of a stepwise treatment escalation regimen to determine the minimum dosage of propranolol required to achieve accelerated involution of IH. The authors observe accelerated involution of lesion in 71% of patients treated at 1.5 mg/kg/day, and the remainder at 2.0 mg/kg/day. This optimal dosage is maintained in keeping with weight gain until nine months of age, when this dose is continued with no weight adjustment until an average of 14 months age, and weaned over three weeks.