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Improving the Old, Embracing the New: Implications of Alcohol Research for Future Practice
Published in Gary Rosenberg, Weissman Andrew, Behavioral and Social Sciences in 21st Century Health Care: Contributions and Opportunities, 2021
In twin studies, identical twins are compared with fraternal twins. In identical twins, all of the genes are the same; fraternal twins only share half their genes. To find out about their vulnerability to alcoholism, scientists ask the following question: Given that the first member of the twin pair is alcoholic, what are the odds that the other member is alcoholic? The answer is 2 out of 3–about 65 percent–that an identical twin will be alcoholic if his twin pair is alcoholic. In the case of fraternal twins who share only half of their genes, the odds of the second twin being alcoholic was only about 3 out of 10. This tells us two things. First, it tells us that there is a genetic role in the vulnerability to alcoholism. Second, it tells us that genes are not the whole story. If they were the whole story, the odds of twins both being alcoholic would be 100 percent. These findings set the stage for the considerable progress we have made in understanding the genetics of alcoholism.
An Approach to Inherited Pulmonary Disease
Published in Stephen D. Litwin, Genetic Determinants of Pulmonary Disease, 2020
Studies of identical and fraternal twins have proven useful for estimating the extent of genetic vs. environmental influences on a phenotype. Twins that develop from two fertilized eggs are called dizygous and have the same genetic relationship as sibs born at different times. Sibs and dizygous twins have about half of their genes in common. Twins that develop from the same fertilized egg are called monozygous and normally have identical genotypes. They also share a common intrauterine environment, although in some cases they are separated by amniotic membranes.
The types of conditions
Published in Jane Hanley, Mark Williams, Fathers and Perinatal Mental Health, 2019
The symptoms often develop during late adolescence or early adulthood. When one parent has bipolar disorder, the risk to each child is 15%–30%. When both parents have bipolar disorder, the risk increases to 50%–75%. The risk of siblings and fraternal twins is 15%–25%. The risk in identical twins is approximately 70%. Current statistics put it at around 2.6% of the male population age eighteen and over. A significantly high number of intelligent people have been found to be suffering from bipolar disorder. Studies have shown that men tend to develop bipolar disorder at an earlier age than women and their first episode usually presents as a manic episode. Their symptoms tend to have a greater severity and they appear to be more prone to more manic episodes than women (Arnold 2003). It is possible for the condition to be misdiagnosed and is only really reliable following a clear-cut episode of mania. It is often misdiagnosed as attention deficit disorder.
The history of organ transplantation
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Kristen D. Nordham, Scott Ninokawa
In 1959, the first kidney transplant in Louisiana was performed at Charity Hospital. This case marked the first successful kidney transplant between individuals not genetically identical. The donor and recipient were fraternal twin brothers. At the time, immunosuppression had not yet been added to transplantation care. Before receiving his brother’s kidney, the recipient underwent a sublethal, non–marrow-requiring dose of total body x-ray. At this time, “the exact role of the X-irradiation in these patients ha[d] not yet been assessed with certainty because the fate of a kidney transplant between dizygotic twins without the use of total body irradiation [wa]s not known.”12 Despite a difficult postoperative recovery, the patient continued living an active life and died of cardiac issues 25 years later. This success excited transplant teams across the world.
Corneal ectasia associated with posterior lamellar opacification
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2021
Madeline Yung, Angela C. Chen, Doug D. Chung, Alice Barrington, Junwei Zhang, Ricardo F. Frausto, Otavio A. Magalhaes, Anthony J. Aldave
This patient was described in a previously published case report (11). In brief, a 5-day-old female infant was evaluated for bilateral cloudy corneas. She was a fraternal twin born by cesarean section at 33 weeks gestational age. The parents identified as Ashkenazi Jews with no known consanguinity and no family history of corneal disease. The patient demonstrated bilateral diffuse posterior stromal opacification and an otherwise normal ocular exam. Cycloplegic retinoscopy at 7 weeks was +6.00 both eyes (OU). Ocular findings remained stable until age 11, when the patient developed progressive corneal thinning, myopia, and irregular astigmatism. The patient progressed to acute corneal hydrops in the left eye at age 16. Corneal tomography demonstrated bilateral corneal thinning and asymmetric steepening with globular corneal protrusion. AS-OCT demonstrated posterior stromal opacification with intervening clear zones. The patient was diagnosed with PACD given the presence of posterior stromal opacification noted clinically and on AS-OCT, with normal IOPs and negative workup for systemic metabolic disease. A concurrent diagnosis of keratoglobus was made based on the clinical presentation of astigmatism, corneal steepening with globular protrusion, corneal thinning greatest at the periphery, and an episode of acute hydrops (1,24).
An Exploration of Yoga’s Potential to Incite Feelings of Aliveness and Authenticity in Women Recovering from Anorexia Nervosa
Published in Smith College Studies in Social Work, 2021
I do have a twin sister who I’m very close with, but, we’re fraternal twins, so, we look like sisters, but we don’t look exactly like twins. So, and our body shapes are very different. My body, by nature, is much more curvier than hers. She’s very very thin, like, no curves whatsoever. So, growing up was hard because I felt like, even though I was a normal weight, even thin, I would say, growing up, I always felt like people were referring to me as, like, “the bigger one.” So that had kind of a negative impact on me. And I also grew up in a family where, um, and of course also a culture where being thin was the ideal (participant #10).