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The Parasite's Way of Life
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Parasite development does not occur on a strict timetable; parasites do not simply charge ahead and undergo developmental changes at a defined time, no matter the circumstances. On the contrary, parasites interact with a complex array of signals of both host and parasite origin. These signals indicate when the time is right to proceed to the next developmental stage. As previously discussed, for instance, Plasmodium spp. switch from merogony to gametogony in response to host immune response, as a consequence of competition with other blood-borne parasites, or other factors.
Behavioural Sleep Problems in Children and Adolescents
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
Having identified that a child has a behavioural insomnia, there are a number of available therapeutic options. Choice will be influenced by multiple factors such as Parent/carer’s perspective: what is acceptable to one family will not be acceptable to another.The child’s characteristics including but not limited to, their developmental stage, temperament and complicating health problems.
Adolescence
Published in Julia Whitaker, Alison Tonkin, Play for Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Despite a widely broadcast rise in mental health problems among adolescents, the truth is that most young people enjoy good physical and mental health (Mental Health Foundation 2020), and teenagers are more likely to be the victims than perpetrators of crime (Child Trends 2018). The trend for tattooing and body-piercing is followed only by a high-profile minority of teens (Breuner and Levine 2017), and the same is true for excessive drug and alcohol use (Office for National Statistics 2013). This is not to deny that there are a significant, and growing, minority of young people who need expert professional help for mental health or substance abuse problems – but these problems are not a function of their developmental stage (Kubik et al. 2019). The majority of adolescents report few or no symptoms of depression (Jewell et al. 2018) and longitudinal research shows that cigarette, alcohol, and illegal drug use has reduced over the course of several years (Johnston et al. 2016).
Reliability and construct validity of the Activities Scale for Kids in Italian children with cerebral palsy
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Stefania Costi, Maria Cristina Filippi, Luca Braglia, Laura Beccani, Isabella Corradi, Elena Bruzzi, Chiara Signorelli, Elisa Pelosin
Considering that CP is a condition substantially different from those mostly represented in the sample of the original ASKp validation study (neuromuscular, orthopedic and arthritic conditions, autism, etc.), [24] it is important to check the psychometric properties of the ASKp in this specific group of children. As expected, our study confirmed that the ASKp measures pediatric physical functioning in ADL and does not contain items that weaken the reliability of the score. Having confirmed this, we addressed the traditional measurement properties for construct validity in children with CP, meaning that we tested and verified some hypotheses that concur with the theoretical construct the ASKp was designed to measure. To our knowledge, no previous validation study of ASKp tested its ability to distinguish different physical functioning levels associated with different age classes. However, since the population tested has quite a wide age range, it is plausible to assume that the performance of daily activities (especially in domestic or community-based) develops with age [39]. Consequently, the ASKp score should reflect the individual child’s developmental stage. Indeed, the average summary score varied based on different age-related levels of physical functioning in ADL.
Correlates of Exchanging Sex for Drugs or Money for Adolescent Males: A Hidden Population
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2021
First, it should be noted that the majority of the parental/family factors were non-significant in this study. This was expected since McNeal and Walker (2016) study operationalized parental involvement similarly. They found that dimensions of parental involvement (school involvement) were a significant predictor of exchanging sex for drugs or money as opposed to overall participation of parents in their adolescence life (see McNeal & Walker, 2016). Prior studies have included numerous activities parents might engage in with their child (see Gault-Sherman (2012); however, these activities may not be important at this developmental stage. For example, going to the movies with their parents may not be as important as having a parent involved in school during this stage in development since adolescent are trying to establish some independence away from their parents. Findings from this study suggest a need to examine parental factors that focuses on specific activities and emotional support that are relevant to this developmental stage.
What Do We Really Know About Adolescent Sexual Health Education: A Dimensional Concept Analysis
Published in American Journal of Sexuality Education, 2019
Jessica L. Corcoran, Patricia A. Patrician, Gwendolyn D. Childs, Maria R. Shirey
Adolescence is the longest human developmental stage, defined as the period of development from 11 to 21 years (Burns et al., 2012). This developmental stage encompasses many biological changes, one of the most significant being the neurodevelopmental changes occurring in the structure and function of the brain (Crone & Dahl, 2012). As the regions of the brain mature asynchronously, the mismatch of mature and immature regions of the brain places adolescents at an increased risk for making unsafe decisions especially during new experiences and when strong emotions are involved (Albert, Chein, & Steinberg, 2013; Balogh, Mayes, & Potenza, 2013; Konrad, Firk, & Uhlhaas, 2013). These developmental changes increase exploratory behavior and create a favorable environment for risky sexual health decisions. Over 60% of adolescents become sexually active by 18 years of age (Burrows, 2017). Outcomes of risky sexual health decisions are prevalent in this population. Throughout adolescence, 38% of sexually active adolescents will acquire a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and each year, over 450,000 unintended pregnancies will occur (Kost, Maddow-Zimet, & Arpaia, 2017; Martin, Hamilton, Osterman, Driscoll, & Drake, 2018).