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Trunk Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Rowan Sherwood
In males, bulbospongiosus is comprised of two parts joined by a median fibrous raphe (Standring 2016). The fibers blend with the perineal body and are attached to the superficial transverse perineal muscle and the external anal sphincter (Standring 2016). The middle fibers encircle the bulb of the penis and corpus spongiosum (Standring 2016). The anterior fibers extend over and insert partly into the sides of the corpus cavernosum, and also partially insert into a tendinous expansion over the dorsal vessels of the penis (Standring 2016). In females, bulbospongiosus attaches to the perineal body but the muscle on each side of the body is separate (Standring 2016). It covers the superficial portions of the vestibular bulbs and greater vestibular glands (Standring 2016). It attaches onto the corpus cavernosum clitoridis (Standring 2016).
Andrology
Published in Manit Arya, Taimur T. Shah, Jas S. Kalsi, Herman S. Fernando, Iqbal S. Shergill, Asif Muneer, Hashim U. Ahmed, MCQs for the FRCS(Urol) and Postgraduate Urology Examinations, 2020
Intracavernosal injection of vasoactive agents carries the risk of fibrosis, penile pain, prolonged erection, priapism and hematoma at the injection site. Fibrosis of the corpus cavernosum is a particular concern with papaverine [2].
Attributes of Peripheral Dopamine and Dopamine Receptors
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
There is only scant information on DAR expression in the male extra-gonadal reproductive tract. An early study used a combination of radio-receptor binding and autoradiography to examine the localization of the DA agonist 3H-dihydroergotoxine in rat male sex organs. The drug was bound to smooth muscle cells of the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland, as well as to glandular tissue of the seminal vesicles and prostate gland [78]. These findings were supported by a later study showing the presence of D1R and D2R transcripts in human and rat seminal vesicles [79]. Both D2R [80] and D4R [81] were expressed in the guinea pig vas deferens, while D2R was detected in vas deferens from mice but not rats [82]. The human corpus cavernosum penis is a highly vascularized tissue which fills with blood during erection. D1R was twofold more abundant than D2R in this tissue, and both were primarily localized in the smooth muscle component of this structure [83].
Sexual Function, Behavior, and Satisfaction in Masters Athletes
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2023
Tianyu Wang, Melanie A. Heath, Sebastian K. Tanaka, Hirofumi Tanaka
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a key factor that affects the sexual activity and satisfaction in aging men (Ni Lochlainn & Kenny, 2013) and increases in prevalence with aging (Fisher et al., 2020). ED has been proposed as a harbinger of concomitant cardiovascular disease (Thompson et al., 2005), and vascular dysfunction (e.g., endothelial dysfunction) is a major cause for ED (Lamina et al., 2011; Patel et al., 2012). A normal erection requires increased perfusion into corpus cavernosum (Simonsen et al., 2002), and nitric oxide (NO) secreted by endothelium is a key regulator (Lamina et al., 2011). A moderate exercise training improves erectile function through improved markers of endothelial function in 38–62 year old men with ED (La Vignera et al., 2011). In addition, high volume of moderate-intensity exercise produces greater improvements in sexual function than low-volume exercise among middle-aged and older obese men (Khoo et al., 2013). In the current study, masters athletes who engages in long-term strenuous exercise demonstrated a much less degree of ED than the general population. Taken together, these results suggest that habitual exercise plays an important role in attenuating age-associated ED presumably through its impact on endothelial function.
Impact of COVID 19 on erectile function
Published in The Aging Male, 2022
D. H. Adeyemi, A. F. Odetayo, M. A. Hamed, R. E. Akhigbe
Nitric oxide is considered one of the mediators of penile erection [54] as the increase and subsequent release of NO enhances smooth muscle relaxation and stimulates blood flow to the erectile tissues, thereby promoting penile erection [54]. During an erection, the trabecular smooth muscle relaxes and vasodilatation of the arteries leads to increased blood flow that expands the sinusoidal spaces and lengthens and enlarges the penis, resulting in the compression of the subtunical venular plexus against the tunica albuginea. Therefore, stretching of the tunica compresses the emissary veins, hence reducing the outflow of blood to a minimum. On the other hand, in a flaccid state, inflow through the constricted and tortuous helicine arteries is minimal, and there is free outflow via the subtunical venular plexus. It is well established that penile erection can be initiated with a single episode of pelvic nerve stimulation, while maintenance of such erection can be achieved through arterioles vasodilatation and sustained blood flow to the corporeal body. Ordinarily, sexual stimulation results in nitric oxide (NO) release by non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) nerve ending in the corpus cavernosum and the endothelial cells. NO then stimulates the cytosolic enzymes guanylase cyclase to produce cGMP, which reduces the smooth muscles of the corpus cavernosum with the consequent increase in blood flow into the trabecular spaces and finally to an erection.
Pathobiology of ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles in long-term diabetic male rats and its implication on erectile dysfunction
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Prakash Seppan, Ibrahim Muhammed, Zafar Iqbal Khan Mohammad, Sathya Bharathy Sathyanathan
It is obvious that the rise in ICP is affected through IC and BS contraction [62,63]. The cavernous muscles inserted into the corpus cavernosum most probably facilitate contraction of dorsal penile vessels and consequential lead to increase blood pooling in the cavernous tissue [29]. The analysis of IC and BS muscles’ EMG showed intermittent activity indicating the intermittent contraction of cavernous muscle, a typical feature of striated muscles. The intermittent contraction of cavernous muscle along with penile corpora supposes to produce reflex jerk thereby increasing ICP for a rigid erection. However, the EMG of both IC and BS showed reduced activity in 120 days of diabetic rats. Indicate the poor evoked action potential response ensuing degenerative changes in these muscles in long-term diabetes. Resulting in reduced cavernosal pressure and ensuing ED. Moreover, intermittent contraction seems to offer a mechanism by which fresh oxygenated blood find entry in the cavernosal tissue [29], with the loss or mismatch of intermittent contraction in IC and BS could reduce oxygenated blood entry during rigid erection and probably can cause ischemic or hypoxic degeneration in cavernous tissue in diabetic condition.