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Management of Radioactive Waste in Nuclear Medicine
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
The most commonly used radionuclide generator is the 99Mo-99mTc generator. After its use the technetium generator can be sent back to the supplier, if this is agreed upon. Otherwise, the generator can be stored for decay for a couple of months, and then the molybdenum column can be dismounted, and the rest of the generator can be handled as non-radioactive material after all radiation labels have been removed. Applicable conditions for other radionuclide generators should be checked with the manufacturer.
In-Hospital Preparation Of Radiotracers Garimella
Published in Garimella V. S. Rayudu, Lelio G. Colombetti, Radiotracers for Medical Applications, 2019
Radiotracers represent radionuclides, nuclide generator produced activities, and radiolabeled compounds. The main sources of radionuclides are nuclear reactors and charged particle accelerators or more widely used high particle flux cyclotrons. Nuclear reactors are prolific sources of thermal neutrons while cyclotrons are prolific sources of charged particles: P, d, 3He, 4He at varied and fixed energies. In nuclear reactors often high specific activity, neutron excess radionuclides are produced through (n, γ), (n,fission), (n,ρ), (n,p) reactions. These nuclides decay by beta emission followed by gamma. In cyclotrons often carrier free, neutron deficient radionuclides are produced through: (1) (p,α), (p, γ), (p,Xn), (p,XpXn), (2) (d,p), (d,p), (d,Xn), (d,XpXn), (3) (3He,p), (3He,Xn), (3He,XpXn), and (4) (4He,p), (4He,Xn), (4He,XpXn). X = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. These product nuclides decay either by electron capture or by β+ decay or both followed by gamma emission. In Chapter 2 and in Appendix II of Chapter 7, Volume II, the modes of production of clinically useful radionuclides are tabulated. If one of the above reactor or cyclotron product nuclides of suitable T1/2 decays to a daughter with ideal nuclear characteristics for medical application, the system is called a medical radionuclide generator. There are more than 30 useful systems in nuclide chart. In Chapter 4, Volume II, radionuclide generators are discussed in detail.
Activation Techniques
Published in Frank Helus, Lelio G. Colombetti, Radionuclides Production, 2019
The second means of obtaining a limited number of short-lived radionuclides in laboratory in some distance from reactor or cyclotron is the radionuclide generator.19-21 A radionuclide generator is little more than a supply of moderately long-lived parent radionuclide which decays to produce a required short-lived radionuclide. Typical examples in Table 4 include generators used mostly in nuclear medicine.
Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in neuroendocrine neoplasms and related tumors: from fundamentals to personalization and the newer experimental approaches
Published in Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development, 2023
There are also issues related to the availability of 90Y in its NCA form on a large scale for clinical use. It is obtained from the 90Sr/90Y radionuclide generator system. The separation of NCA 90Y suitable for clinical utilization from 90Sr is highly challenging due to the strict regulatory requirement of a very low permissible limit of 90Sr in separated 90Y. Strontium-90 in ionic form localizes in the skeleton and owing to its long half-life (28.8 y) is radiotoxic [6]. This causes restrictions on the commercial availability and widespread use of clinical-grade 90Y.
Evaluation of 99mTc-HYNIC-(ser)3-LTVPWY peptide for glioblastoma imaging
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Shima Shahsavari, Zahra Shaghaghi, Seyed Mohammad Abedi, Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
HYNIC-(Ser)3-LTVPWY peptide was synthesized and purchased from ProteoGenix (France). The 99mTc was obtained from a 99Mo/99mTc radionuclide generator (Parsisotope, Tehran, Iran). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) and ammonium acetate were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany); tin (II)-chloride dihydrate, N-[tris(hydroxymethy)methyl]glycine (tricine) and ethylenediamine diacetate (EDDA) were purchased from Sigma (USA). The radiochemical purity of radiolabeling reaction was monitored with HPLC and instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC). Acetonitrile-water (50/50 v/v) was used for estimating the presence of reduced hydrolyzed technetium (99mTcO2; RHT) (Rf = 0) with ITLC. The distribution of radioactivity on the ITLC strips was quantified using a Lablogic mini-scan TLC scanner and analyzed with Laura image analysis software (Sheffield, UK). Analytical reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was performed on a Knauer HPLC system (Germany). The HPLC analyze of radiolabeled peptide was performed on a Lablogic radioactivity gamma detector with a Eurospher 100-5 C18, 4.6 × 250 mm (Knauer, Berlin, Germany) column with pre-column. All solvents were filtered and degassed before entering the column. Radioactivity in the samples was measured using a gamma counter with a NaI (Tl) detector gamma detector (Delshid, Tehran, Iran). Human glioblastoma (U-87 MG), non-small lung cancer (A-549) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines were obtained from the Iranian Pasteur Institute and National Center of Genetic and Biological Reserves of Iran and maintained as monolayer cultures in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium supplemented with 10% FBS and penicillin–streptomycin (Gibco, Grand Island, NY). Cell cultures were maintained at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator.