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Brain–Computer Interface
Published in Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Fabien Lotte, Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook, 2018
Chang S. Nam, Inchul Choi, Amy Wadeson, Mincheol Whang
Similar to fMRI, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) relies on the changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the cerebral cortex. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood absorb light at different rates. For example, deoxygenated blood absorbs more light below 800 nm light, while oxygenated blood does above 800 nm (Giardini et al. 2000; Wilcox et al. 2008). fNIRS takes advantage of the differences in light absorption to detect neuronal activity.
Using Brain–Computer Interfaces for Motor Rehabilitation
Published in Stefano Federici, Marcia J. Scherer, Assistive Technology Assessment Handbook, 2017
Giulia Liberati, Stefano Federici, Emanuele Pasqualotto
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) uses near-infrared-range light (typically of 650–1000 nm wavelength) to measure the concentration changes of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR), which reflect blood concentration and therefore brain activity (Naseer and Hong, 2015; Villringer, Planck, Hock, Schleinkofer, and Dirnagl, 1993). fNRIS-based BCIs commonly rely on brain activity recorded from the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex. In general, motor imagery tasks are preferred (Naseer and Hong, 2015).
Pain Assessment Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
Kambiz Pourrezaei, Ahmad Pourshoghi, Zeinab Barati, Issa Zakeri
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a novel optical imaging modality for noninvasive, continuous monitoring of tissue oxygenation and regional blood flow (Rolfe, 2000). fNIRS can measure changes in hemodynamics simultaneously across different sites of sympathetic innervations, such as hand, forearm, and face, as well as the cortex. Recently, several studies have suggested the use of fNIRS for monitoring cortical activation in response to noxious stimuli in newborn infants (Bartocci et al., 2006; Slater et al., 2006, 2008; Ozawa et al., 2011; Ranger et al., 2013) and adults (Becerra et al., 2008, 2009; Viola et al., 2010; Gelinas et al., 2010; Watanabe et al., 2011; Barati et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2013; Re et al., 2013; Yennu et al., 2013). fNIRS can be portable and has low equipment and maintenance costs. It is relatively robust to motion artifacts and therefore, no immobilization is required during measurement, unlike movement constraints imposed by other functional imaging techniques.
Modulation of the prefrontal blood oxygenation response to intermittent theta-burst stimulation in depression: A sham-controlled study with functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2021
Wiebke Struckmann, Jonas Persson, Wojciech Weigl, Malin Gingnell, Robert Bodén
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive technique to measure changes in cortical oxygenated (oxy-Hb) and deoxygenated (deoxy-Hb) haemoglobin concentrations. Due to the phenomenon of neurovascular coupling, fNIRS enables assessment of the neural activity (Gratton et al. 1997) and can be applied concomitant with rTMS. Using fNIRS is especially practical in the clinical rTMS setting, as it is easy to apply repeatedly over a time course of several treatment sessions. To date, most fNIRS-rTMS research has been conducted on healthy controls (Curtin et al. 2019). In these studies, single session low-frequency rTMS protocols (Hanaoka et al. 2007; Aoyama et al. 2009; Kozel et al. 2009; Cao et al. 2013) as well as continuous theta-burst stimulation (Tupak et al. 2013) decrease prefrontal oxy-Hb levels, while high-frequency rTMS protocols increase prefrontal oxy-Hb levels (Cao et al. 2013; Curtin et al. 2017). However, how these brain mechanisms are modulated over the time course of an rTMS treatment in a depressed brain is largely unknown.
Altered Brain Activation in Youth following Concussion: Using a Dual-task Paradigm
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2021
Karolina Urban, Larissa Schudlo, Michelle Keightley, Sam Alain, Nick Reed, Tom Chau
To improve the sensitivity of conventional assessments, functional neuroimaging has been investigated as a means of assessing the neural impact of concussions. The majority of such studies have used blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).6,32,43–45 However, MRI imaging constrains participants to a supine position and limits movement.46 Currently, there is a paucity of neuroimaging studies involving ecologically valid cognitive-motor control dual-tasks. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a noninvasive optical brain imaging modality, provides an opportunity to measure brain activation under a dual-task paradigm, namely, one that incorporates postural control (motor task) and cognitive processing (cognitive task). fNIRS has been used in several studies evaluating brain activation during balance or movement.35,47,48 For example, increased brain activation and regional recruitment was observed using fNIRS when older adults were required to utilize motor and cognitive processes simultaneously.47,49 It has been reasoned that maintenance of stability in older adults necessitates increased activation in brain regions critical for sensory integration (i.e., visual and vestibular), thereby impacting attentional processes.50,51 Likewise, altered brain communication patterns in post-concussion youth during dual-tasking could elicit compensatory mechanisms that draw upon attentional resources, in a manner detectable by fNIRS.
Aging Affects the Ability to Process the Optic Flow Stimulations: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectrometry Study
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2020
Mark Hinderaker, Brian Sylcott, Keith Williams, Chia-Cheng Lin
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a noninvasive technology used to track brain activation during dynamic activities (Karim, Fuhrman, Sparto, Furman, & Huppert, 2013; Karim, Schmidt, Dart, Beluk, & Huppert, 2012; Lin, Barker, Sparto, Furman, & Huppert, 2017). Like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), fNIRS gauges hemodynamic changes as an indirect measure of brain activation, but unlike fMRI, fNIRS has a higher tolerance for motion (Scarapicchia, Brown, Mayo, & Gawryluk, 2017). The advantages of using fNIRS to measure brain activity include the low cost for research when comparing with fMRI, similar temporal resolutions to fMRI, ability to study the neurocognitive process in real environments, lack of strict restrictions on motion, and the ability to integrate with other neuroimaging tools, such as electroencephalography and fMRI (Scarapicchia et al., 2017). The limitations of fNIRS include the limited capacity of whole brain measurement and brain depth which only reaches a few centimeters of cortical tissue, and signal contamination by cardiac pulsation and respiration. Studies have used fNIRS to investigate brain activity during sensory integration balance tasks (Karim et al., 2013; Karim et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2017) and OF conditions (Hoppes et al., 2018). The results suggest that the prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal region activate during sensory integration balance tasks (Karim et al., 2013; Karim et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2017) and OF conditions (Hoppes et al., 2018).