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Treatment – Chronic Illness-Related Malnutrition
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
Jennifer Doley, Michelle Bratton
Perhaps the most commonly used appetite stimulant is megestrol acetate, as it is FDA approved for the treatment of cachexia, anorexia, or unexplained weight loss in individuals with AIDS and cancer.38 In a systematic review of its effectiveness and safety, the authors concluded that megestrol acetate did result in increased appetite and slight weight gain of approximately two kilograms. However, several adverse side effects were reported, including thromboembolic events and edema. While 400–800 mg/d is most typically prescribed,38 there is insufficient evidence to suggest an ideal dosage, although weight gain appeared to be associated with higher doses more than lower doses.39 These factors should be considered when decisions are made regarding the use of this medication.
Ion Beam Analysis: Analytical Applications
Published in Vlado Valković, Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
Blewer (1974) has performed analysis of near-surface helium and hydrogen isotope depth profiles by a proton backscattering technique. The method used has been demonstrated as a means to characterize the concentration, initial position, and subsequent migration behaviour of all atom species. The projected range of helium implanted at 50 keV in Nb, V, Ti and Cu has been measured and, for the latter two metals, has been found to agree with theoretical calculations within 10 nm. Deuterium has also been detected and profiled (in Ti) using this technique. Detection sensitivity has been demonstrated at the 7 at % level for D in Ti and at the 0.5 at % level for 4He in Cu. In addition, surface and bulk distributions of carbon, oxygen and 3He have been profiled and, in principle, the depth distributions of tritium, 6Li, 7Li, Be, B, N and F are also simultaneously resolvable if contained within the foil samples. The technique has been used to investigate the effect of radiation damage and in situ annealing on implanted helium profiles in copper.
Intestinal Failure
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Rashmi Patil, Elizabeth King, Jeffrey Rudolph
In addition to complications specifically related to PN administration, children with intestinal failure are subject to other complications as well. Contributing factors for IFALD, other than PN, include bloodstream infections and gallbladder disease. SIBO is often the result of altered motility and can be an issue in intestinal transplant as well as intestinal failure. Symptoms include increased diarrhea, vomiting, excessive gas, as well as D-lactic acidosis. In SIBO, excessive numbers of small bowel bacteria produce negative consequences. The diagnosis is usually made clinically based on symptoms, although hydrogen breath tests or small bowel aspirates can be obtained as confirmatory testing.
Efficacy of B-vitamins and vitamin D therapy in improving depressive and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Jaqueline G. Borges-Vieira, Camila K. Souza Cardoso
When it comes to vitamin D, it is critical to be aware that overdose can be toxic. Excessive supplementation for too long can inhibit parathyroid hormone (PTH), culminating in increased calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and hypercalcemia. This condition can cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, muscle asthenia, joint pains, polyuria, dehydration [116]. Due to hypervitaminosis D, the increased risk of tissue calcification, especially of coronary vessels and heart valves, is investigated, but current findings remain controversial [117]. The current DRI [83] is 600 IU/day for 19–70 years, or 800 IU/day for 71 years and older, with the UL considered safe for an intake of 4,000 IU/day for men and women — although higher doses with individualized frequency can be performed in clinical practice under supervision [118]. Lastly, consider that Vitamin D supplementation should be based on the personal vitamin D response as some genetic variations (like the MTHFR gene on vitamins B) may also influence vitamin D metabolization and, thereby, the response to supplementation and the vitamin D status based on 25(OH)D3 serum measurements [119,120].
A patent review of pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications of oxadiazole derivatives for the treatment of chronic diseases (2013–2021)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2022
Abbas Hassan, Abid Hussain Khan, Faiza Saleem, Haseen Ahmad, Khalid Mohammed Khan
Zhang et al. envisaged the synthesis of the deuterium isotope of ozanimod for the study of oxidized by-products from the drug metabolism and the study of the kinetic isotope effect. They have synthesized a variety of deuterium analogs for a comprehensive pharmacokinetics and metabolism study. They find out in different in vitro and in vivo assays, such as liver microsomal stability assay, in vitro metabolism using human cytochrome P450 enzymes, monoamine oxidase A and B inhibition and oxidative turnover, S1P1-mediated inhibition of cAMP reporter assay, rat pharmacokinetic assays that the likely metabolism of ozanimod in humans is at the hydroxyethyl group, the isopropyl group, the indenyl methylene, and N-methine groups (Figure 47) [108].
Treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a review and update for dermatologists managing delusions of parasitosis
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Christian Cheng, Nicholas Brownstone, John Koo
Using the same criteria for treatment success as defined above, 34% of deutetrabenazine patients were noted to have at least 50% decrease in the dyskinesia score as opposed to only 12% achieving this among the placebo group (2). Unlike valbenazine, the dosage of deuterobenzene needs to be individualized. The dosing is typically started with 6 mg PO BID and increased every week by 6 mg PO per day until the maximum dose of 48 mg PO per day (32). The medication is absorbed better when taken with food. Deutetrabenazine was very well tolerated by the patient so that no side effects evaluated reached an occurrence rate of ≥5%. Discontinuation because of adverse events was seldom encountered. Deutetrabenazine may also prolong the QT interval and therefore should be avoided in any patients with congenitally long QT syndrome or any patients with arrhythmias involving an increased QT interval. For patients who are poor CYP2D6 metabolizers, the maximum dose is 36 mg PO per day (33). Of note, this medication was the first drug approved by the US FDA that contains the heavy hydrogen isotope deuterium (34). The addition of deuterium reduces the metabolism of the drug which allows for lower and less frequent dosing that may result in a more favorable safety profile (35).