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3D Augmented Reality-Based Surgical Navigation and Intervention
Published in Terry M. Peters, Cristian A. Linte, Ziv Yaniv, Jacqueline Williams, Mixed and Augmented Reality in Medicine, 2018
Zhencheng Fan, Cong Ma, Xinran Zhang, Hongen Liao
However, the 3D IV AR system still suffers from some problems. For instance, the spatial resolution and of the IV-based 3D display techniques, which is limited by the optical apparatus, still requires improvement (Fan et al. 2016). A high-quality 3D autostereoscopic display is required to provide clear 3D autostereoscopic images with a wide viewing angle, high resolution, and long viewing distance (Liao et al. 2004a, 2005). Although preclinical experiments have revealed its potential usage in surgery, there are some nonnegligible factors limiting further application. Structural deformation, target tracking, and patient-3D registration should be taken into consideration for accurate overlay. More experiments and evaluations must be performed for clinical efficiency and usability. However, with further improvement, we expect that 3D AR will become an integral component for image-guide surgical navigation and interventions.
Virtual reality and its transformation in forensic education and research practices
Published in Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine, 2022
The rendering process is performed using software in which user inputs at a given time are synthesised as digital signals, and the internal state of the virtual environment transforms them into adequate sensations that are perceived by users (Blach, 2008). This visual display involves the following components:Low-cost and low-weight glasses: Low-cost, commercially available 3D glasses that have a low resolution and small field of view are used.High-end head mounted display (HMD): An HMD is worn on the head and covers the eyes; it has a stereoscopic monitor, a tracking system that makes the field of vision wider, gyroscopes, and accelerometers for position recognition (Boas, 2013).Cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE): A projection-based system A projection-based system is another visualisation concept that involves a VR room, projectors with stereoscopic images, and speakers (Cruz-Neira, Sandin, DeFanti, Kenyon, & Hart, 1992).An autostereoscopic display: Autostereoscopic display technology provides viewers with the 3D perception of images without the need of wearing either special glasses or other headsets (Zhang & Travis, 2006). The separation between the left and right eye is performed using a prism grid or a parallax barrier in front of the display screen. This separation optics directs one half of the pixel into the left eye and one half into the right eye (Blach, 2008).