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Emergency Surgery
Published in Tjun Tang, Elizabeth O'Riordan, Stewart Walsh, Cracking the Intercollegiate General Surgery FRCS Viva, 2020
Alastair Brookes, Yiu-Che Chan, Rebecca Fish, Fung Joon Foo, Aisling Hogan, Thomas Konig, Aoife Lowery, Chelliah R Selvasekar, Choon Sheong Seow, Vishal G Shelat, Paul Sutton, Colin Walsh, John Wang, Ting Hway Wong
Can you explain the pathophysiology of aneurysm formation?In cases of degenerative aneurysms, the aneurysm wall is characterised by reduced elastin content, increased collagen production and degradation, inflammation and imbalances between matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors.Some patients have a genetic predisposition, particularly in Marfan's or Ehler–Danlos type IV.The risk of degenerative aneurysm formation is increased by smoking, age, male gender, COPD, hypertension and family history.38
Dietary Fiber and Coronary Heart Disease
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Thunder Jalili, Eunice Mah, Denis M. Medeiros, Robert E.C. Wildman
Coronary heart disease is estimated to cause 1 in 6 deaths in the United States, according to the American Heart Association's 2017 Heart and Stroke update.6 In contrast to popular dogma among the lay public, heart disease is also the leading cause of death among women as well.7 Many risk factors can influence CHD, such as smoking, age, male sex, menopause, diabetes, serum cholesterol levels, and hypertension. Some of these risk factors are modifiable, such as smoking and serum cholesterol levels, and some are not, such as male sex or menopause. Among the most important risk factors that may be controlled are serum cholesterol levels. Many studies have established that high total cholesterol levels and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are risk factors for CHD and mortality.8–10 The well-known Framingham Study was among the first to establish a statistical relationship between serum lipoproteins and CHD.8 Other important studies using very large cohorts from the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), and from various countries, have since strengthened the notion that serum cholesterol is a risk factor for CHD.9–11
Processing of Data
Published in Abhaya Indrayan, Research Methods for Medical Graduates, 2019
As mentioned in Chapter 6, factor is a characteristic and indicator is its measurement. A lipid profile is a characteristic and levels of various lipids are the indicators. There may be many indicators for the same factor. Sometimes one indicator is not enough by itself and it has to be seen in combination with one or more of the others. A combination of two or more indicators is called an index. For example, a smoking index may incorporate indicators such as the number of cigarettes smoked per day, duration of smoking, age at initiation, duration elapsed since quitting, and other such measurements. Another problem in measurement is converting qualities such as signs and symptoms into quantities. This is done by scoring. Both these can be explained as follows when calculated for individual values.
The effect of personal and environmental factors on smoking behaviors in students: structural equation model
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Soudabeh Yarmohammadi, Samira Mousavi, Mohtasham Ghaffari, Vahid Ranaei
The results of this study showed that the age variable was only related to environmental factors and smoking behavior, indicating that smoking increases by increasing age. The students also stated that as they get older, environmental factors will have less effect on their smoking. In the study by Powell et al. it was found that older students were significantly more likely to smoke (Powell et al., 2005). Morley et al., in their study, assessed the relationship between smoking age, consuming cigarette, and smoking persistence and reported the effect of environmental factors on smoking age (Morley et al., 2007). However, Karp et al. reported that older age was associated with a lower risk of smoking, explaining that people’s sensitivity to the environment, and being influenced by others would be lower (Karp et al., 2006).
Correlation between risk factors of cerebrovascular disease and calcified plaque characteristics in patients with atherosclerotic severe carotid stenosis
Published in Neurological Research, 2020
Xiangli Xu, Yang Hua, Lili Wang, Weihong Hou, Mingyu Xia
Table 4 shows the regression analysis of calcification and risk factors. We included smoking status, smoking age, and accumulative smoking exposure along with gender, age, blood glucose values, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension as independent variables. It showed the relevance between calcification and the risk of smoking status (current smoker: odds ratio [OR], 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.81–8.45; P = 0.001; former smoker: OR, 3.2; 95% CI,1.39–7.39; P = 0.006) (model 1), smoking age (<30: OR, 3.48; 95% CI, 1.6–7.57; P = 0.002; ≥ 30: OR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.65–8.48; P = 0.001) (model 2), and accumulative smoking exposure (<30: OR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.26–5.56; = 0.01; ≥30: OR, 5.45; 95% CI, 2.27–13.07; P = 0.00) (model 3) in three models. In addition, age and the diabetes mellitus in three models were found to be significantly associated with calcification (all P< 0.05). In contrast, there was no significant correlation between the presence of calcifications and gender, blood glucose values and hypertension after adjusting other independent variables (all P > 0.05).
Patterns of e-cigarette use and self-reported health outcomes among smokers and non-smokers in the United States: A preliminary assessment
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2019
Yen-Chang Chang, Yen-Han Lee, Ching-Ti Liu, Mack Shelley
To study the patterns of e-cigarette use in smoking and non-smoking populations, we obtained two stratified study samples. We stratified the smoking and non-smoking populations based on the status of current cigarette use. The first sample included non-cigarette smokers and the second sample included cigarette smokers. We selected adult respondents for analyses (age ≥ 18), given that the legal smoking age in the United States is 18 years old. We selected respondents who answered all questions of interests only, with the exceptions of “E-cigarettes used usually contain nicotine” and “Concentration of nicotine in e-cigarette cartridge.” Because these two predictors had many skipped responses, we classified those inapplicable responses to “unknown” or “I don’t know the concentration.” With our exclusion and inclusion criteria, 6,311 current smokers and 3,741 non-smokers were retained as final study samples (total unweighted n = 10,052).