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Traditional Medicinal Plants for Respiratory Diseases: Mexico
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Assessment of Medicinal Plants for Human Health, 2020
Armando Enrique González-Stuart, José O. Rivera
The traditional use of this plant in Mexico as well as other countries is for the treatment of bronchitis cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, and tuberculosis. The whole plant is used to make a tea. The plant is rich in mucilage and various other phytochemicals including usnic acid. The mucilaginous components act as antitussives, diuretics, and demulcents. The latter effects are useful to protect the respiratory mucosa. The lichenic acids have an expectorant as well as antibacterial and antifungal action. Herbalists in Mexico recommend decocting the 10–15 g of the plant in 3 L (approximately 3 quarts) of water during 2–4 min at a low heat. The decoction is strained and taken 4 times per day for a period of 15–20 days. Ingested in high doses, the plant could be irritating to the stomach.34
Pulmonary Immunology
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
Hemant H. Kesarwala, Thomas J. Fischer
The presence of nasal hair, multiple bifurcations in the respiratory tract, and sharp curves in the upper respiratory tract facilitate impaction of particulate material on the respiratory mucosa and allows for their subsequent removal. Particle size is the most important variable which determines the site of deposition in the respiratory tract and the principal method of removal. Particles larger than 10 μm are deposited in the nasal passages, those between 2 and 10 μm penetrate deeper into the respiratory tract, are deposited on the bifurcating bronchial tree, and removed by mucociliary clearance. The smallest particles (between 0.5 and 2.0 μm) reach the alveoli where they are ingested and cleared by alveolar macrophages.4 The process of mechanical removal is aided by two reflexes, sneezing and coughing.
Thermodynamics
Published in Sarah Armstrong, Barry Clifton, Lionel Davis, Primary FRCA in a Box, 2019
Sarah Armstrong, Barry Clifton, Lionel Davis
Humidification is important to prevent the following: drying of the respiratory mucosathickening of mucus resulting in airway pluggingdecreased ciliary activitykeratinization and ulcerationheat loss (reduces loss of latent heat of vaporization)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae: a pathogen with unsolved therapeutic problems
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Susanna Esposito, Alberto Argentiero, Andrea Gramegna, Nicola Principi
Several studies have reported that M. pneumoniae can disrupt mucosal respiratory barrier and reach extra respiratory sites where the pathogen can cause disease [72]. It has been calculated that this can occur in up to 25% of M. pneumoniae respiratory infections [73]. Several organs and systems can be involved with the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) as the most important site from both an epidemiological and clinical point of view. CNS and PNS diseases are reported in 5% of hospitalized patients, whereas M. pneumoniae positivity can be detected in 5–10% of patients presenting with acute, febrile CNS disease [74,75]. However, disruption of the respiratory mucosa can occur even in the absence of a clinically evident respiratory tract infection which explains why in a significant number of cases the development of extra-respiratory diseases occurs in patients apparently healthy. As mechanisms of extra-respiratory damage are not precisely defined, the best approach to the extra-respiratory M. pneumoniae diseases remains very difficult [76]. The difficulties in M. pneumoniae infection identification and the possible presence of resistant strains further complicate the approach to these diseases.
The triad: respiratory microbiome – virus – immune response in the pathophysiology of pulmonary viral infections
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Bárbara N. Porto, Theo J. Moraes
The field of lung microbiome has been rapidly evolving and this is mainly due to two major scientific breakthroughs that enabled scientists to characterize complex microbial communities that populate our respiratory epithelia – the development of next-generation DNA sequencing techniques and bioinformatic algorithms to analyze the resultant massive data. These scientific advances have allowed investigators to challenge the old concept of ‘sterility of the lung’ and show that both our upper and lower respiratory tracts are inhabited by distinct classes of microorganisms. Importantly, these breakthroughs provided us with a better understanding of the intricate interactions between the respiratory microbiome and the host immune response. Now it is well known that, similar to the gut epithelial surface, the airway bacterial and viral communities exert a physiological role on the immunological homeostasis of the respiratory mucosa in healthy individuals.
Efficacy of hypertonic (2.3%) sea water in patients with aspirin-induced chronic rhinosinusitis following endoscopic sinus surgery
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2019
Aleksandar Perić, Sandra Vezmar Kovačević, Aleksandra Barać, Dejan Gaćeša, Aneta V. Perić, Svjetlana Matković Jožin
Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a combination of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs), bronchial asthma and upper and lower airway reactions to the ingestion of acetylsalicylacid (ASA), as well as other cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)-inhibiting non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [1,2]. The use of these medications causes the inflammation of the respiratory mucosa with strong infiltration of activated mast cells, eosinophils and basophils into the mucosal layer. These inflammatory cells secrete high amounts of cysteinyl leukotrienes, tryptase, histamine and eosinophilic enzymes that damage nasal epithelium and lamina propria [1]. The patients with AERD develop severe CRS with strong nasal mucosal edema and many small polyps originating bilaterally from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses [1,2].