China
Africa
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The intractable use of restraint, organisational culture and 'othering'
Published in Bernadette McSherry, Yvette Maker, Restrictive Practices in Health Care and Disability Settings, 2020
There are also ‘system justification’ theories that view stigma as a method of justifying existing social inequalities and maintaining the status quo (Sidanius and Pratto 1993; Jost and Banaji 1994), as well as evolutionary theories that view stigma as a method of excluding individuals who are perceived to be poor partners in order to preserve reproductive fitness (Neuberg, Smith and Asher 2000; Kurzban and Leary 2001).
Traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine
Published in Yann Joly, Bartha Maria Knoppers, Routledge Handbook of Medical Law and Ethics, 2014
Because conventional medicine dominates in developed countries, and because of the ubiquity of its associated institutional and political structures (such as hospitals, public healthcare systems, healthcare financing systems and professional guilds and associations), critiques of traditional or CAM medicine tend to emerge from the context of the accepted paradigms and cultural vocabulary of conventional medicine. In practical terms, if proponents of a particular traditional or CAM discipline seek admission or inclusion of their discipline in hospitals or a national healthcare system, justification generally must be made in accordance with the standards and accepted paradigms of conventional medicine.
Perceived Everyday Discrimination Explains Internalized Racism during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Asians
Published in Behavioral Medicine, 2022
Gloria Wong-Padoongpatt, Aldo Barrita, Anthony King
The increase in blatant and overt anti-Asian sentiment may have an impact on how Asians make sense of their racial positionality and internalize these derogatory messages they receive, possibly leading to internalized racism. Scholars have connected perceived discrimination as a learning tool for one’s racialized identity, with these experiences of racism linked to moments of understanding about racial positionality for people of color.9,16 According to the system justification theory, members of disadvantaged groups legitimize social hierarchies at the expense of their own group’s interest.10 Asians may even blame their own communities and believe they deserve to be openly discriminated against. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Asians may have agreed with the anti-Asian sentiments that emerged and believed their communities were to blame for the infectious disease outbreak. Moreover, the sustained experiences of everyday discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic may lead Asians to have self-doubt, identity confusion, and feelings of inferiority. Therefore, our primary study objective is to investigate whether the perceived change in everyday discrimination accounted for more internalized racism, specifically among Asians during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Intragroup xenophobic attitudes, ethnic identity, and substance use among Latinx adolescents
Published in Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 2020
Tatiana Basáñez, Steven Sussman, Jordan Clark, Jennifer B. Unger
The exploratory nature of our study opened new research questions that deserve investigation. For example, why were students who reported less stress in 10th grade more likely to report xenophobic attitudes than students reporting higher levels of stress? One possible explanation comes from system justification theory because system-justifying ideas such as xenophobia might enable people to consider hierarchy-enhancing policies as a normal outcome in a just and fair world (Cherney & Hamilton, 2009; Jost, Becker, Osborne, & Badaan, 2017; Jost, 2017; Jost & Hunyady, 2018), so it is possible that having an ideology that legitimizes inequality and institutional discrimination could reduce stress among those who think there is nothing they need to do because benevolent authorities are already in charge. Measures of system justification would have to be compared with measures of negative attitudes about immigration to verify whether both are in fact rooted in similar beliefs about fairness in society.
Tolerance of Homosexuality in South American Countries: A Multilevel Analysis of Related Individual and Sociocultural Factors
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2019
María Camila Navarro, Jaime Barrientos, Fabiola Gómez, Joaquín Bahamondes
From a justification–suppression model (Crandall & Eshleman, 2003), (progressive) social norms and values that emerge from these development processes may restrain the expression of prejudice. From this perspective, hostile attitudes would find an outlet through ideologies that provide justifications to legitimize its expression—such as religion. Furthermore, system justification theory (Jost & Banaji, 1994; Jost & Hunyady) predicts that whenever people experience a relevant social system to be under threat, the endorsement of system-justifying beliefs (e.g., religious beliefs) will be enhanced as a response. For instance, right-wing authoritarianism, a system-justifying belief strongly motivated by religiosity and a relevant predictor of prejudice towards gay men and lesbians, is influenced by perceived social threat (see Duckitt & Sibley, 2009). Specifically, those who endorse religious beliefs would perceive structural progressive changes in gay rights as potential system-threatening cues, which jeopardizes what they conceive as the traditional social system they ought to defend.