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Hormones and Behavior
Published in Paul V. Malven, Mammalian Neuroendocrinology, 2019
Another type of conditioning used to assess motivation, learning, and memory is often called operant conditioning. In this process, animals learn to perform a specific instrumental task in order to obtain food or other types of reward. Because the instrumental task is not a natural behavior, the animal appears to learn by trial and error, but once the instrumental (i.e., operant) behavior is learned, the motivation to obtain the reward as well as memory of the instrumental task can both be thoroughly studied.
The Experimental Model
Published in Albert A. Kurland, S. Joseph Mulé, Psychiatric Aspects of Opiate Dependence, 2019
Albert A. Kurland, S. Joseph Mulé
Recalling the chance experience of Skinner33 that gave rise to the operant conditioning techniques, Dews,34 stated, Many years ago, according to Skinner’s own account … Skinner found he was running short of handmade pellets of food required to continue an experiment on rats over a weekend. The rats were pressing a lever and receiving a pellet each time. To eke out the pellets, he decided to deliver a pellet at a lever press, but not much more often than once a minute. The behavior of lever pressing was not simply weakened as a result of the intermittency, rather, a relative steady state, sustained rate of responding developed. From such a simple finding, by the right person, developed the schedules of reinforcement of operant behavior. The press of the lever was called a response and the pellets of food was the reinforcer of the response. The use of the terms “response” and “reinforcer” was probably inevitable in the wake of Pavlov and J. B. Watson, though the defining properties of responses and reinforcers in operant behavior are different from those of Pavlov’s responses and reinforcers, and the use of the same words has been confusing.
Pediatric Lifestyle Medicine
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Jonathan R. Miller, Richard Boles, Stephen R. Daniels
Although skill and motivation deficits have significant potential to influence the occurrence of lifestyle behaviors, research in this area is severely lacking. The ability to quickly identify the events contributing to an individual patient’s existing patterns of behavior has potential to substantially improve the efficacy of behavior change programs. More extensive application of concepts and principles from operant behavior to pediatric lifestyle medicine is clearly warranted.
Voucher Reinforcement Decreases Psychiatric Symptoms in Young People in Treatment for Drug Use Disorders – A Post Hoc Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Published in Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 2021
Morten Hesse, Birgitte Thylstrup, Sidsel Karsberg, Michael Mulbjerg Pedersen, Mads Uffe Pedersen
The theory underlying CM is based on Skinner’s model of operant behavior (Skinner, 1953; Skinner, 1984). Operant behavior theory claims that complex behaviors are developed based on feedback from the environment that is present when a behavior is displayed, where feedback that increases the behavior is referred to as positive reinforcement, and feedback that decreases the behavior is referred to as negative reinforcement. In this theoretical context, CM approaches aim to set up systems of positive reinforcement to increase the likelihood of simple desirable behaviors that eventually build up to form more complex behaviors. Thus, CM interventions aim at reducing or increasing learned behaviors by rearranging the environment so that appropriate behavioral patterns are positively reinforced (e.g., reduction in substance use or increase in treatment session attendance) through incentives such as gift cards (Stanger & Budney, 2019).
The Ethics of Organizational Behavior Management
Published in Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 2021
Lattal and Clark (2007) describe how ethical behavior, like all operant behavior, needs to be taught, practiced, and supported, taking notice of all the environmental variables that impact ethical decision-making. Each person is responsible for creating an environment that contains enough antecedents and reinforcing consequences to support ethical choices. If we are not practicing under a regulatory body with ethics mandates, then these embedded consequences for adhering to an ethical code are absent in our day-to-day activities. However, this does not mean that our professional behavior is absent of ethical influences. Lattal (2013) offers an organizational guide for ethical decision-making spanning areas such as the proper use of antecedents in the environment (e.g., publishing guiding principles, training), tracking ethical performance and results, and ensuring there are positive and constructive consequences in place. Brodhead and Higbee (2012) provide guidance on setting up a system of ethics that spans similar areas of building motivation for ethical performance, tracking, training, and support. It is important to consider how practitioners and consumers of OBM services use the field’s respective ethical resources to guide decision making.
Nicotine-like discriminative stimulus effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and a muscarinic receptor agonist in Rhesus monkeys
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Megan J. Moerke, Lance R. McMahon
When outside of the home cages, monkeys were seated in commercially available chairs (Model R001; Primate Products, Miami, FL). Feet were placed into shoes mounted on the front of the chair. Shoes were fitted with brass electrodes to which a brief electric shock (3 mA, 250 ms) could be delivered from an a/c generator (Coulbourn Instruments, Allentown, PA). Training and testing were conducted in sound-attenuating, ventilated operant chambers containing an operant panel below which was mounted a food receptacle. The operant panel consisted of a row of three lights and a second row of two levers; levers were mounted beneath the leftmost light and the rightmost light. All operant behavior was controlled and recorded by a computer connected to a commercially available interface and Med-PC software (MedAssociates, Inc., St. Albans, VT).