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Explicating professional identity through consultative methods
Published in Roger Ellis, Elaine Hogard, Professional Identity in the Caring Professions, 2020
The observation of professionals in their practice has high face validity but is beset with problems. The main technical problem for naturalistic observation is to determine and obtain a reliable and valid sample of a professional's and client's typical behavior. Both participants have to agree. Once having obtained a sample, the problems are how should it be described, categorized and analyzed. In addition to these practical and theoretical problems, there are ethical and privacy issues to be negotiated. Nevertheless, interesting work has been done which throws a light on professional behavior, self-awareness and identity. An excellent example of this is given by McHale and Cecil in Chapter 20.
Behavioral and Research Influences on Educational and Clinical Programs
Published in Norman S. Giddan, Jane J. Giddan, Autistic Adults at Bittersweet Farms, 2020
Through careful naturalistic observation, the explanation of a specific behavior under particular circumstances can be found. This does not mean using interpretations that make great inferential leaps, like our friends in the area of psychoanalysis taught us; that is, a child may be pushing because of some hidden sexual aspirations on the grandmother’s part. Instead, we are talking about coming up with an explanation that is testable. If the youngster is hitting, it may be a communication problem in that he or she wants the teacher’s attention and does not know how to get it. If that is the case, we can teach a signal for how to get that attention. It could be a word, a sign or a signal to replace the hitting. The highest level would be a word; at the lowest level it would be a signal of some kind. If our hypothesis is right, the hitting should decrease as the child learns another way to ask for help. If the hitting does not decrease, the hypothesis is wrong and we must look for another one. By using thoughtful observation to analyze and understand difficult behaviors, we can find interventions that are effective in most cases.
Qualitative methods
Published in Kay Aranda, Critical Qualitative Health Research, 2020
Observation as a research method is the act of careful watching for systematic analytic purpose. It is a method used in positivist research: where observation requires detachment of the researcher from the subject under observation (be that viewing matter down a microscope or telescope, or by watching social activity through a one way mirror) whilst naturalistic observation requires the researcher to enter the natural surroundings of subjects and watch their spontaneous actions.
Provider behaviors that predict motivational statements in adolescents and young adults with HIV: a study of clinical communication using the Motivational Interviewing framework
Published in AIDS Care, 2020
April Idalski Carcone, Sylvie Naar, Jamie Clark, Karen MacDonell, Liying Zhang
This study used naturalistic observation of medical encounters. Prior to the initiation of data collection, all providers signed informed consent. Patients treated by consenting providers were approached upon arrival to the HIV clinic for routine appointments. After obtaining patients’ informed consent, audio recorders were placed in patient exam rooms and recorded their clinical encounter. No additional data were collected from patients or providers. A professional transcription company transcribed the audio recordings for qualitative coding. Prior to coding, research staff screened encounters excluding those less than five minutes in duration (M = 14, Range = 5, 64). Interruptions (e.g., other providers entering the room to speak to the provider, patient telephone conversations) were not coded. The university affiliated IRB approved the research.
Assessment of feasibility and outcomes of a salivary cortisol collection protocol in five American Indian communities
Published in Stress, 2020
Melissa Walls, Melinda Dertinger, Michael Unzen, Angie Forsberg, Benjamin Aronson, Stephanie Wille, Mustafa al’Absi
Results suggest that home-based, community interviewer-involved protocols can result in valuable data and high participant compliance. Such naturalistic observation may enhance validity in that participants go about their daily lives with only brief, limited interruptions related to saliva collection/study protocols. In this study, 67% of all saliva samples were provided within 10 min of protocol instructions, 91% of participants provided at least one useable sample, and 79% provided four useable samples during a single day. These findings are comparable to those reported in prior research. For instance, in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (Golden et al., 2014), 57% of required samples were provided within 10 min of protocol instructions, and 86% of participants provided useable samples in National Study of Daily Experiences (Laudenslager et al., 2009). Our comparisons between more and less compliance to protocol suggests that noncompliance had limited impacts on observed cortisol indices in terms of extreme outliers or significantly different observed values. An exception was found in the case of outlier analyses: participants with outlier values on Interval 1 displayed significantly lower Early Morning Response values than did participants who adhered more closely to the protocol instructions. This finding makes sense considering that most variation in cortisol levels occurs in the minutes immediately after awakening, when protocol compliance is most important (Nicolson, 2008). These significant differences disappeared when examining percent change rather than change in raw values.
Rediscovery of penicillin of psychiatry: haloperidol decanoate
Published in Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2019
Nazan Aydın, Hasan Mervan Aytaç, Esra Yazıcı, Doğan Yılmaz, Pınar Çetinay Aydın, Gökşen Yüksel Yalçın, Yücel Kadıoğlu, Cana Canbay, Merve Terzioğlu, Onur Şenol, Cavide Çakmak, Aysel Özer
The weaknesses of this study were lack of control group, including the sample consisted of a small number of treatment-resistant patients who is likely to have an adherence problem and since the study does not consist of first-episode psychotic patients, the possibility of earlier use of a wide variety of oral form antipsychotics. In addition, strengths of this study are the one-year naturalistic observation study, inclusion of patients in consecutive way, questioning whether or not they are currently using treatment by reaching the patient who is leaving the follow-up and also checking whether or not patients receive drugs from pharmacies via the computer system if satisfactory information cannot be obtained, standardization of visits and treatments to be the same for each patient.