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Racism and Racial Disparity in Obstetrics
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Ukachi N. Emeruwa, Emily Rosenthal, Allison S. Bryant
In addition to individually mediated racism, meted out at an interpersonal level, exist societal-level barriers that impact perinatal outcomes for women of color. The complex relationship between racial disparities and these systemic factors has also been shown to be mediated by racism at internalized, institutional, and structural levels. Internalized racism is defined as acceptance by members of the stigmatized races of negative messages about their own abilities and intrinsic worth; institutionalized racism as the policies, practices, and procedures of institutions that result in differential access to goods, services, and opportunities of society by race; and structural racism as the system of social structures (e.g. public policies and institutions) that produce and perpetuate cumulative, durable, race-based inequalities. In other words, higher poverty rates, lower educational attainment, disproportionate incarceration, toxic habits, and lower access to nutritional food faced by women of color serve as seemingly independent risk factors for poor outcomes, but are importantly a function of institutionally sanctioned racialized constraints and abuses.
The Distracted Couple
Published in Len Sperry, Katherine Helm, Jon Carlson, The Disordered Couple, 2019
Therapist characteristics also must be considered. Mental health professionals often come from a position of privilege vis-à-vis gender, race, and/or socioeconomic status. The therapeutic hour is not immune to these influences, and therapists must identify and remain vigilant of their own biases, assumptions, and values. The persistent effects of structural marginalization, cultural scripts, and internalized racism must be considered and addressed for a beneficial therapeutic outcome (Brooks & Waite, 2013).
ADA and the Religious Community: The Moral Case
Published in Robert C. Anderson, A Look Back: The Birth of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 2018
The African-American community has used the term internalized racism for a number of years. It is the situation described by Marx from the black perspective, i.e., the oppressed race supporting its supremacy by maintaining or participating in the set of attitudes, behaviors, social structures, and ideologies that undergird that dominance (Bivens, p. 15). The principle of internalized ableism is just as profound a problem for persons with disabilities.
Racial discrimination and its impact on mental health
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2023
Meryam Schouler-Ocak, James Kenneth Moran
All of systems of oppression can manifest at different social levels e.g. racial discrimination can refer to any number of minority groups at structural, institutional, interpersonal and internalised levels (Bailey et al., 2017; Bhugra et al., 2020; Butler et al., 2002; Paradies et al., 2015). Internalised racism means the incorporation of racist attitudes, stereotypes, prejudice or discrimination, beliefs or ideologies into one’s own worldview. Internalised racist beliefs about oneself and one’s background can contribute to lower psychological well-being and self-esteem as well as leading to higher alcohol consumption, depressive symptoms and obesity. E.g. in analyses of the secondary data of the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), Mouzon and McLean (2017) found that higher levels of internalised racism were associated with worse mental health (depressive symptoms and SPD) among Blacks in the USA. Interestingly, internalised racism had the strongest association with mental health among US-born African-Americans and US-born Caribbean Blacks in comparison to foreign-born Caribbean Blacks (Blascovich et al. 2001; Chambers et al. 2004; Graham et al. 2016; Sosoo et al. 2020; Williams & Mohammed, 2009).
Editorial: Racism and discrimination in mental health services: What is the question?
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2023
Dinesh Bhugra, Max Pemberton, Sam Nishanth Gnanapragasam, Daniel Poulter
Ventriglio and colleagues (in this issue) in their narrative review, point out that there are a range of variables related to racism, such as cultural, institutional, interpersonal factors. These in combination with the concepts of perceived and internalised racism are relevant characteristics of institutions which may affect racism and consequently its impact on mental health not only of the patient but also on carers and families. They illustrate some of these issues from the epidemiological data on the prevalence rates of depressive symptoms, psychotic symptoms and substance abuse/misuse among minority populations who face discrimination. As they argue, anti-racism policies are essential in order to address racism and racial discrimination. However, it is critical that majority populations are not only involved in any such decisions but also have an ownership so that they do not feel alienated and discriminated against. Understanding the impact of race and racism on mental health and wellbeing across different parts of the society is important. Another major issue that policymakers need to be aware of is the difference between equity and equality. Equality means that everyone gets the same thing whereas equity refers to targeted interventions according to need.
Digging Deeper: The Relationship between School Segregation and Unconscious Racism
Published in Smith College Studies in Social Work, 2019
In this study, Black participants demonstrated lower levels of implicit racial bias overall, when compared with White participants and participants of another race. Yet, Black participants still demonstrated significantly high levels of implicit racial bias toward people of color. This finding lends further support to the existence of internalized racism among Black individuals. Future research should examine whether internalized racism is more prevalent in communities with less diversity and should consider programming which includes interventions specifically targeting unconscious and internalized attitudes in students of color. Future research should also further explore the impact of implicit bias reduction on organizational effectiveness and community wellness. Individuals who have lower levels of implicit bias may be more likely to seek out diverse viewpoints and value contributions from diverse groups of peers. This can then lead to greater inclusivity and enhanced community functioning overall.