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Intellectual impairment
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I – Sport Testing, 2022
Jan Burns, Mohammed Khudair, Florentina J. Hettinga
Intellectual impairment is characterised by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning (low IQ score) and adaptive behaviours (difficulties in communication, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking and learning from experiences), assessed before the age of 18 (AAIDD, 2010). Consequently, cognitive functioning in individuals with intellectual impairment can be delayed and underdeveloped (Nader-Grosbois, 2014). These deficits in cognitive functioning can impact the individual’s ability to understand and attend to instructions, adapt to the environment, regulate behaviour and motivation and manage emotional and physical/physiological discomforts (Nader-Grosbois, 2014; Sakalidis et al., 2021). Individuals with intellectual impairment comprise about 2% of the general population and represent a wide range of sub-populations, depending on aetiology and severity of the intellectual impairment, age, level of cognitive development and additional limitations that accompany the impairment (Wouters et al., 2017). Individuals with intellectual impairment experience a high prevalence of additional health issues, with 98.7% having multimorbidity, including additional sensory impairments, i.e., visual and auditory, and limitations in physical function, i.e., muscular, motor and cardiorespiratory functions (Frey and Chow, 2006; Hilgenkamp et al., 2010; Kinnear et al., 2018). The number of additional health issues are related to the severity of the initial impairment, with higher severity leading to increased multimorbidity (Kinnear et al., 2018).
Bardet−Biedl Syndrome
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Intellectual impairment is predominated by learning difficulties (e.g., emotional immaturity, attention difficulties, and slow thought processes) along with other psychiatric problems (anxiety, mood disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive behavior, and psychosomatic manifestations).
Pre- and Perinatal Factors in the Etiology of Mental Retardation
Published in Michele Kiely, Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology, 2019
Thus IQs provide global categories classifying people by a very important human characteristic, similar in principle (though much more complex) to using height. Because of the relative nature of IQs, “prevalence” of any IQ-defined group is, in essence, a statistical expectation (e.g., 2.27% will fall <70 IQ, with a test of standard deviation 15, the population mean assumed to be 100). Subpopulations differ, and test means in particular populations change with time,6 but these can be researched and accommodated in definitions. Particular subdivisions of intellectual impairment, such as the conventional IQ <50, and 50 to 69 are susceptible to investigation as to their distributions in different populations, their changes over time, their associations with other organic, psychological or social characteristics, and their predictive value for service needs.
Aided communication, mind understanding and co-construction of meaning
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2022
Kristine Stadskleiv, Beata Batorowicz, Annika Dahlgren Sandberg, Kaisa Launonen, Janice Murray, Kirsi Neuvonen, Judith Oxley, Gregor Renner, Martine M. Smith, Gloria Soto, Hans van Balkom, Catia Walter, Chih-Kang Yang, Stephen von Tetzchner
Professionals from the specialized health care and special education systems recruited the children using aided communication (the aided group) in each of the participating countries. A search was made for aided communicators who met the following criteria: (a) age between 5;0 and 15;11 (years;months), (b) speech production absent or very difficult to understand, (c) had used communication aid(s) for a minimum of one year, (d) hearing and vision within normal range (with and without corrective aids), (e) not considered to have an intellectual impairment by a professional (their teacher or therapist), (f) not received a diagnosis in the autism spectrum, and (f) speech comprehension considered adequate for age. Due to differing organization of services in the participating countries, we were not able to screen for any diagnoses prior to inclusion but relied on proxy report. Information about hearing, vision, and the absence of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder, were provided by parents and professionals. We chose to include children of school-age, as in many countries children receive their first communication aid around the time when starting school.48 The rationale for including children up to 16 years was to be able to include a sufficient number of participants from each country, given that the prevalence of children with severe speech and motor impairment and normal cognition is low.
Situation analysis of rehabilitation services for persons with disabilities in Bangladesh: identifying service gaps and scopes for improvement
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Mahmudul Hassan Al Imam, Israt Jahan, Manik Chandra Das, Mohammad Muhit, Delwar Akbar, Nadia Badawi, Gulam Khandaker
Amongst the NGOs, the CRP is the largest organisation that runs a comprehensive rehabilitation program including medical, physical, psychological, vocational, and CBR services for PwDs [26] through its 10 centres located in six divisions [49]. Also, the National Center for Hearing and Speech for Children has been established in Dhaka by an NGO to provide services for children with hearing and speech impairment [50]. In terms of education, there are government-funded integrated education program for children with visual impairment (n = 64) and special schools for children with intellectual impairment (n = 62), autism (n = 11), visual impairment (n = 5), hearing and speech impairments (n = 5), and physical impairment (n = 2, including vocational training centres) [51]. Also, there are many urban-based NGO-operated and privately owned special, integrated and inclusive schools; amongst them, 60 schools are funded by the government [51].
Advances in the design and discovery of novel small molecule drugs for the treatment of Dravet Syndrome
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Barbara Miziak, Stanisław Czuczwar
DS represents very severe symptoms of refractory epilepsy due to serious therapeutic challenges. The disease generally starts in infancy in between 4 and 8 months in the form of prolonged generalized (sometimes unilateral) clonic seizures. High fever may be frequently a precipitating factor. Subsequent seizure activity follows the first attack within 2 weeks – 2 months and the disease enters the next phase (worsening stage) in 1–4 year old children characterized by different seizure types associated with impairment of consciousness and autonomic symptoms. Mental retardation and behavioral disorders tend to emerge from the 2nd year of life. After a slight improvement in seizure activity, the patients enter the third phase, so-called stabilization stage. In this stage, seizure activity is mainly manifested during sleep and cognitive impairment is still observed. Also, even severe intellectual impairment may persist in some patients. A genetic background concerns a variety of gene mutations, the dominant one is related to voltage-gated sodium-channel gene α 1 subunit. Noteworthy, DS is associated with a high risk of SUDEP.