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The Impairment Argument against Abortion
Published in Nicholas Colgrove, Bruce P. Blackshaw, Daniel Rodger, Agency, Pregnancy and Persons, 2023
An example of impairment that is of interest for this chapter is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Alcohol is a teratogen that causes (among other things) intellectual and developmental disabilities. For example, Jones and Bass (2003) cite a case in which a child that has FAS was unable to count or tell time in seventh grade. In this case, we may understand FAS to have impaired the fetus’s ability to develop properly, which resulted in the child being unable to count or tell time. Of course, the effects of FAS vary from fetus to fetus; FAS impairs the fetus’s ability to develop properly and can be more significant for some than others. For the purposes of this chapter, FAS will be understood to impair the fetus in the way described in the aforementioned Jones and Bass (2003) case.2
A Short History Of Modern Medicine and Disability
Published in Joel Michael Reynolds, Christine Wieseler, The Disability Bioethics Reader, 2022
By the mid-1950s, the medical industry oversaw a vast network of institutions that spanned the country. State-funded institutions held approximately 560,000 people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, epilepsy, mad people, and people with sensory and physical disabilities. Medical practitioners at the time advised families living with disabilities and madness to institutionalize their disabled or mad relatives and to try to forget them. Common medical wisdom held that if a disabled or mad person could not be cured or rehabilitated and if medical professionals considered them incapable of experiencing the benefits of education and independent labor or fulfilling the gendered role of wife and mother, they would be an emotional and financial drain on their family and a source of public shame.
The Harm of Ableism
Published in Fritz Allhoff, Sandra L. Borden, Ethics and Error in Medicine, 2019
Joel Michael Reynolds, David Peña-Guzmán
Let us begin by observing that we already know that PPC failures are more common when it comes to people with disabilities (Blackstone 2015; Nordness and Beukelman 2017) and that patients with disabilities suffer more misdiagnoses than non-disabled patients. For example, people with intellectual and developmental disabilities are systematically misdiagnosed (Mastroianni and Miaskoff 1997). Well into at least the 1990s, people with moderate hearing loss were misdiagnosed as “mentally retarded” (Berke 2007). Today, people with cerebral palsy “are at three times the risk of experiencing adverse events as compared with adults without preexisting communication vulnerabilities” (Hemsley and Balandin 2014; Nordness and Beukelman 2017). Meanwhile, physical impairments are regularly underdiagnosed in people with intellectual disabilities (Kiani and Miller 2010), as are cognitive impairments in people with spinal cord injury (Tolonen et al. 2007). All this we know. What we need to investigate further is how these failures in communication and misdiagnoses come into being and interact with one another. What causes these breakdowns in PPC and produces such an asymmetrical distribution of the possibility of error along the lines of disability? We argued earlier that the answer turns on the dominant schema through which people without disabilities “see” and “know” disability, which is to say, the schema of ableism. Ableism brings about these disastrous effects by means of at least four mechanisms.
Developmental Functioning of Infants and Toddlers with Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2023
Megan Callahan, Johnny L Matson, Celeste Tevis
Intellectual Disability (ID) is defined as “limitations both in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior” according to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.27 Similarly, the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria include deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning. In addition, the DSM-5 requires the onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits to occur during the developmental period. Intellectual functioning includes mental processes such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience. Adaptive functioning includes activities of daily living such as communication, social participation, and independent living and adaptive deficits must occur across multiple environments (e.g., home, school, work).
Navigating the Ghanaian health system: stories from families of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2022
The incidence of many health conditions, such as respiratory, oral, gastrointestinal, sensory, cardiovascular, neurological and endocrine conditions, can be relatively high in children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) (Allerton et al. 2011, Määttä et al. 2011, Oeseburg et al. 2011, Schieve et al. 2012, Taggart and Cousins 2014). Although many of the health conditions that can affect children with IDD can also affect typically developing children, children with IDD are more vulnerable due to the etiologies of IDD. The etiologies of IDD may be prenatal (e.g. genetic/chromosomal abnormalities), perinatal (e.g. birth injuries) and postnatal (e.g. childhood infections and brain injuries) (American Psychiatric Association 2013, McDermott et al. 2007, Wehmeyer et al. 2017). These etiologies may negatively impact the development and functions of body organs and systems to induce health conditions (McDermott et al. 2007, O’Hara et al. 2010, Taggart and Cousins 2014). Side effects of medications used in managing neurological and behavioral problems that may be associated with IDD may also potentially contribute to health issues (Aronson 2015, Gardner and Teehan 2010, McQuire et al. 2015). Further, receptive and expressive language challenges associated with IDD (American Psychiatric Association 2013) may have a negative impact on the ability of the children to articulate health symptoms to their families or health providers for timely responses.
Using Behavioral Approaches to Assess Memory, Imitation and Motor Performance in Children with Angelman Syndrome: Results of a Pilot Study
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2019
Esbensen et al.45 acknowledge the challenge of selecting outcome measures that are suitable for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities in general, and those with specific etiologies in particular. Children with AS present with special challenges that need to be taken into consideration when designing measures and conducting assessments,46 including severe cognitive impairments, tremors and ataxia, short attention span, seizures and lack of speech skills. Bearing these challenges in mind, the present study was designed to assess basic key aspects of children’s functioning that are likely to be the targets of upcoming clinical trials; namely – explicit memory, imitation of motor actions and performance on timed motor tasks. Different sources were utilized to assist with developing the assessment tasks in the present battery, including the literature on infant memory,47 studies of motor imitation in children with autism and severe intellectual disabilities48,49 and previous ABA studies involving children with AS.34