China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
Margaret J.J. Thompson, Anan El Masry, Samuele Cortese, Wai Chen
The importance of gene–environment interaction is significant. ADHD is associated with low birth weight (Pettersson et al., 2015); toxins and infections in pregnancy, possibly mediated through the genetic profile of the baby (Mill and Petronis, 2008); alcohol in pregnancy (Sood et al., 2001); drug abuse (Wilens et al., 2005); smoking (Kotimaa et al., 2003; Thapar, 2003; Rodriguez and Bohlin, 2005); stress in pregnancy, probably mediated by cholesterol; and exposure to other toxins, e.g. lead after birth. A very useful paper by Thapar et al. (2013) suggests this aetiology might be casual, apart from the genetic input, with the only proven link with ADHD, i.e. changes in the brain, that has been found in young children who have suffered severe deprivation.
Overview of the Adoption Studies
Published in Claude Bouchard, The Genetics of Obesity, 2020
Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, Albert J. Stunkard
Gene-environment interaction implies that genetic effects are dependent on environmental conditions or exposures (and vice versa). Such interaction may occur despite the absence of effects of the shared environment, as indexed by the resemblance of nonrelated individuals. Gene-environment interaction was investigated in the Iowa Study21 and the adult part of the Danish Study,28 and no consistent effects were found. There are three major problems in detecting gene-environment interaction effects for a polygenic trait such as fatness: (1) the required statistical power of the study, (2) the inability to specify which genes are carried by which adoptees, and (3) the inaccuracy of measurement of relevant environmental exposures for both the adoptees and their biological relatives.37
Fetal Exposure to Mother’s Distress
Published in Rosa Maria Quatraro, Pietro Grussu, Handbook of Perinatal Clinical Psychology, 2020
Catherine Monk, Sophie Foss, Preeya Desai, Vivette Glover
Others have examined gene-environment interactions looking at specific genes. Chen et al. (2015) have shown that a genetic variant in BDNF affects the degree of association between maternal prenatal anxiety and neonatal DNA methylation, as well as neonatal brain structure. O’Donnell et al. (2014), using the ALSPAC cohort, showed an interaction between prenatal anxiety and different genetic variants of BDNF and later child internalizing symptoms from age 4 to 15 years. O’Donnell et al. (2017) showed that there was also a significant interaction between child COMT genotype and symptoms of both ADHD and working memory in the child. There was no interaction between BDNF and working memory or ADHD, or between COMT and internalizing symptoms. The interactions in both the O’Donnell studies explained only a small part of the variance, and there are probably very many genes involved in the predisposition to the many types of outcomes affected by maternal prenatal distress.
Caregiver resilience and patients with severe musculoskeletal traumatic injuries
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2021
Katharine Heathcote, Jing Sun, Zachary Horn, Philippa Gardiner, Rebecca Haigh, Elizabeth Wake, Martin Wullschleger
Models of resilience data often report coefficients of variations that explain only a small to moderate proportion of the variance of resilience on outcomes. This highlights the multifactorial nature of the resilience phenomenon. Many factors purportedly determine resilience, including psychological, genetic and biological factors [48], in addition to the socio-ecological factors we have studied here. Research into genetic factors that could mediate biological responses to resilience is underway, particularly in the area of child maltreatment [96] but is still in its infancy. Future research of resilience in trauma should persist in efforts to obtain neurobiological measures of resilience, as this will minimise the subjectivity of self-reported responses that currently predominate resilience research literature. Assuming that genetic variations in resilience exist [97] then ongoing work in this area should maintain its prevention focus, and examine the “gene-environment” interactions, or the ways in which environmental factors mediate resilience and affect downstream health outcomes.
The Underdeveloped “Gift”: Ethics in Implementing Precision Medicine Research
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2021
Amy A. Blumling, Kristin E. Childers-Buschle, John A. Lynch, Melanie F. Myers, Michelle L. McGowan
We must also account for potential conflicting agendas between participants and researchers. To promote equitable research outcomes and benefits for all stakeholders involved, we have developed ongoing rapport with community members and leaders, in collaboration with institutional and community-based research advisory committees, to inform the design of educational and interventional tools for use in our clinical trial. During our community engagement work with Cincinnati's predominately Black neighborhoods, community members have expressly stated that the health impact of gene-environment interactions is the most compelling issue for community members interested in genomic research. Yet the aims of our precision medicine clinical trial, and funding for this study, center on returning hereditary variants included on the professional society recommendations for return of results in clinical settings. Attending to divergent agendas in both research design and results to be returned is key for cultivating and maintaining the moral relationship between participants and researchers. It will involve negotiation of research priorities and community/gift-giver expectations, both in our own study, and prospectively in future genomic research studies. Doing so will honor Lee’s call toward attending to the gift relationship by considering the unique values and goals of each entity entering the research relationship (McGowan et al. 2017).
Interaction Effects of Plasma Vitamins A, E, D, B9, and B12 and Tobacco Exposure in Urothelial Bladder Cancer: A Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction Analysis
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Mohamed Kacem Ben Fradj, Kheireddine Mrad Dali, Amani Kallel, Mokhtar Bibi, Sami Ben Rhouma, Haifa Sanhaji, Yassine Nouira, Moncef Feki
In this study, we employed a multifactorial interaction analysis (i.e. MDR) that include five vitamins (i.e. vitamins A, E, D, B9, and B12) and tobacco exposure. This method was initially dedicated to the study of gene–gene and gene–environment interactions. MDR analysis confirmed the role of tobacco as a main causal factor for UBC (2). It also revealed strong redundancy interaction effects of plasma VD with tobacco and plasma VA on UBC risk. These findings corroborate experimental and clinical data asserting antagonistic interactions between tobacco and fat-soluble vitamins on cancer risk. Animal studies showed that VA and VD exert anti-carcinogenic effects against tobacco-induced bladder tumors (24). Conversely, tobacco chemicals could affect vitamins levels, metabolism, and function (7). Finally, smoking has a significant impact on smokers’ dietary habits and nutrient intake, leading to vitamin depletion and predisposing to development of tobacco related morbidities (39).