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Gender
Published in Wendy A. Rogers, Jackie Leach Scully, Stacy M. Carter, Vikki A. Entwistle, Catherine Mills, The Routledge Handbook of Feminist Bioethics, 2022
Tereza Hendl, Tamara Kayali Browne
This, however, does not mean that gender is ascribed to bodies in an arbitrary manner. On Butler’s account, gender is maintained by dominant power structures and forces, which also ensure a particular combination of sex and gender. Butler (2007 [1990]) argues that in societies that observe the gender binary, the intelligibility of sex and gender is ensured by normative heterosexuality. The two “opposite” genders are constructed within a heteronormative matrix, which Butler defines as a “cultural intelligibility through which bodies, genders and desires are naturalized” (2007: 208). Typically, male gender is paired with male sex and female gender with female sex. As such, according to Butler, gender does not work as a closet from which one picks out different genders on different days; the heteronormative matrix produces specific constellations of sex and gender, constructs male and female as complementary opposites and maintains the stability of this order. In this framework, it is gender that shapes the understanding of sexed difference because sex itself is mediated by gender socialization (this is explored in more detail in the section below).
The Importance of Identity in Sexual Health
Published in Naomi M. Hall, Sexual Health and Black College Students, 2022
Research shows that the influence of racial and gender socialization messages affects the development of their gendered racial identity. For instance, the media images and societal stereotypes of Black women as oversexualized shape the perception of Black women and girls’ sexuality and the ways they view and identify themselves (Stephens & Phillips, 2003; Townsend et al., 2010; Williams & Lewis, 2021). While there is not much published work on the relationship between gendered racial identity and sexual health and behavior, Leath et al. (2022) found that participants in their qualitative study who felt more positive about intersectional identity as a Black woman reported greater sexual assertiveness and satisfaction (Leath et al., 2022).
Sociological Understandings of Death and Dying
Published in Gerry R. Cox, Neil Thompson, Death and Dying, 2020
What the research of Doka and Martin found was that most women prefer an intuitive style, while most men tend to be more comfortable with an instrumental style. Of course, this fits with what we know about gender socialization, by which we mean the process whereby children are taught to think, feel, and behave in ways that are considered appropriate to their respective genders. Girls are generally given more latitude to express their feelings directly and to find comfort in talking about their feelings, while boys, for the most part, try to deal with death in a rational, logical fashion and are uncomfortable in expressing their feelings directly (Silverman & Kelly, 2009). SPIDER: Socialization, the process by which societies “induct” children into their culture by teaching them basic norms, values, and expectations, is a very powerful influence in shaping identity and thus outlook on life.In patriarchal societies, girls are more likely to be encouraged to talk openly about their feelings and to share, while boys are more likely to be encouraged to keep their own counsel, to not show weakness and to be competitive. It is not surprising, then, that a man who has had, say, 41 years of society telling him he must be strong, must not show weakness (especially by crying in public), and must be stoic, will find it difficult to talk openly about painful feelings or allow others to see how deeply they are hurting.
The Roots and Fruits of Masculinity: Social Antecedents and Sexual Relationship Consequences of Young Men’s Adherence to Masculine Norms
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2022
Matthew G. Nielson, L. Monique Ward, Rita C. Seabrook, Soraya Giaccardi
Though there is considerable research on the role of fathers in the gender socialization of their children (for a review, see Pleck, 2010), much less is known about the effect of fathers on the masculinity of their emerging adult sons. Many studies find that fathers are strongly invested in the masculine development of their sons (Kane, 2006; Klann et al., 2018; Solebello & Elliott, 2016), and a few studies have tracked this investment into their adulthood (Marcell et al., 2011; Van Doorn et al., 2021). Many fathers seem to feel that their sons’ sexual orientation and sexual activity is a reflection on themselves. As such, they likely feel pressure to police their son’s sexuality and presentation of traditional heterosexual masculinity (Klann et al., 2018; Solebello & Elliott, 2016). Marcell et al. (2011) analyzed the masculinity development of 845 men as they transitioned into adulthood and found that young adult men who continue to live with their fathers after adolescence were much more likely to retain traditional gender attitudes than sons who move away from home. Fathers are not monolithic, of course, and this effect was lessened for fathers who spoke more frequently with their sons about sexuality.
Developmental Cascades of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems from Infancy to Middle Childhood: Longitudinal Associations with Bullying and Victimization
Published in Journal of School Violence, 2022
Giulio D’Urso, Jennifer Symonds
This study highlights how gender plays a central role in shaping the developmental cascade of internalizing and externalizing behaviors, and how this cascade is related to bullying and victimization. In the Irish socio-cultural context, male children might be more inclined to externalize their experiences and consequently socially affirm the power and strength that is stereotypically connected to the male gender (Adshead, 2022). On the contrary, girls who tend to internalize experiences related to themselves and others are also more prone to be victims because they remain stuck in a vicious circle that leads them not to act, despite the frustration experienced due to problematic conditions, or the experiences considered as such, during development. Gender socialization can therefore affect children’s future behaviors and sometimes appear as a risk (e.g., Solbes-Canales et al., 2020).
Peer crowd affiliations as predictors of prosocial and risky behaviors among college students
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Vimbayi S. Chinopfukutwa, Joel M. Hektner
In addition, prosocial behaviors differ by gender because of gender socialization.27 Girls show more empathy and willingness to help others when compared to boys.27,28 Similarly, in emerging adulthood both men and women continue to perform the same types of prosocial behaviors to conform to cultural gender stereotypes.29 For example, although men engage in prosocial behaviors such as sharing and including others, they also continue to engage in higher levels of prosocial behaviors involving physical helping than emotional support.29 To date, there is no research on gender differences in peer crowd affiliations and prosocial behavior. In the current study we anticipated that prosocial behavior in each peer crowd dimension may differ by gender with women in each peer crowd dimension reporting higher levels of prosocial behaviors than men.