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Self-Construal and Anger Action Tendencies in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom
Published in Walter J. Lonner, Dale L. Dinnel, Deborah K. Forgays, Susanna A. Hayes, Merging Past, Present, and Future in Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2020
Research has supported the notion that action tendencies such as to attack or aggress are associated with the experience of anger. In an early study of self-reported anger Gates (1926) found that the action tendencies during episodes of anger were aggressive (either direct physical aggression or verbal aggression), even though the actual instances of aggression were rare. This was supported by Davitz (1969) who found that a dominant response when angry is the felt tendency to engage in physical aggression. However, attack is only one action tendency associated with anger. Gates reported other action tendencies associated with anger such as To injure inanimate objects’ or ‘to run away, leave the room’. Averill (1982) identified four types of impulses that are felt during an angry episode; 1) Direct aggression (verbal, physical or removal of some benefit); 2) Indirect aggression (telling a third party, harming someone close to the object of your anger); 3) Displaced aggression (aggression towards a non-human object); Non-aggressive responses (calming activities, talking it over peacefully). These have been supported in subsequent single culture studies (e.g., Tangney, Wagner, Marschall, & Gramzow, 1991). Averill found that although the direct aggression impulse was common, the most frequent behavioural responses was to engage in calming activities, with actual aggression relatively rare. Averill also found that other impulses were frequently felt during an angry episode. However, neither Averill nor Tangney et al. examined the influence of culture on action tendencies.
Helicobacter pylori infection
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Diane Bimczok, Anne Müller, Phillip D. Smith
H. pylori infection initiates the recruitment of IgA- and IgM-producing plasma cells and induces strong local and systemic antibody responses. In chronic infection, lymphoid follicles that contain activated B cells and antibody-producing plasma cells form within the gastric mucosa. Serum IgG anti-H. pylori antibodies can be detected within 21 days of initial infection. The IgG1 to IgG4 ratio of greater than 1 is consistent with a TH1 dominant response. Remarkably, more than 300 antigenic H. pylori proteins that induce specific antibody responses have been identified, including urease, flagellin, CagA, HpaA, and various membrane proteins. However, the anti-H. pylori antibodies do not clear the bacteria. In chronically infected hosts, H. pylori antibody responses remain stable. After eradication, however, the antibody titer typically declines 20%–50% within the first 9 months but may remain elevated for several years. Antibody titers do not differ between asymptomatic patients and those with ulcer disease. Importantly, in 20%–30% of infected persons, H. pylori induces autoantibodies, particularly to the gastric proton pump, which contribute to achlorhydria or lead to autoimmune gastritis. Thus, antibodies to H. pylori do not provide protection but may elicit harmful effects.
Psychiatry in need of philosophy
Published in Gerrit Glas, Person-Centered Care in Psychiatry, 2019
It is the aim of this chapter to show that most of these practical, conceptual, and moral concerns can be grouped together under three fundamental themes. A second purpose is to highlight one dominant response to the challenges, which is scientistic. The scientistic response seems attractive and convincing at first glance, but it is, in fact, inadequate, as I will show. The final goal of this chapter is to briefly introduce the philosophical framework I work within, which draws on core ideas developed by the Danish philosopher Sören Kierkegaard (1848), the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur (1990), and the Dutch philosopher Herman Dooyeweerd (1953–1958). Ricoeur and Dooyeweerd belong, together with Karl Jaspers, to the first and most vocal opponents of scientism. From Kierkegaard and Ricoeur, I borrow the notions of self-relatedness and self-referentiality to investigate the nature and implicit normativity of the patient’s relationship to his or her illness and the professional’s attitude toward the fulfillment of his or her professional role. Dooyeweerd’s systematic philosophy functions as a conceptual resource for the formulation of a heuristic framework of normative principles that play a role within the different contexts of psychiatry. Other philosophers who significantly influenced my ideas about the normative aspects of professional and institutionalized practices are Alasdair MacIntyre (1984) and Charles Taylor (1989).
Inhibitory Control in Male and Female Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Published in Developmental Neuropsychology, 2022
Mackenzie N. Cissne, Katherine R. Bellesheim, Shawn E. Christ
Prepotent response inhibition involves the ability to withhold a prepotent or dominant response. Common tests of prepotent response inhibition include the Stroop Color-Word test (Stroop, 1935), stop-signal (Logan, 1994), go/no-go (Drewe, 1975), and antisaccade tests (Everling & Fischer, 1998). In each of these tasks, participants are prompted to suppress a response tendency. As an example, in the go/no-go task, participants are presented with a series of stimuli (e.g., shapes) and are asked to press a button each time a shape is presented (e.g., triangle, square, cross), except when a designated non-target (e.g., circle) is presented. The target stimuli are presented more frequently than the non-target stimuli, thus creating a prepotent tendency to respond to the non-target, which should be inhibited.
Responsible Behavior with Younger Children: Examining the Feasibility of a Classroom-Based Program to Prevent Child Sexual Abuse Perpetration by Adolescents
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2021
Amanda E. Ruzicka, Luciana C. Assini-Meytin, Cindy M. Schaeffer, Catherine P. Bradshaw, Elizabeth J. Letourneau
There are numerous challenges to preventing and addressing CSA including those related to the feasibility and acceptability of school-based prevention efforts. In our experience, key gatekeepers including federal and foundation funders, grant reviewers, and members of IRBs may object to the development, implementation, and/or evaluation of school-based CSA prevention interventions – and particularly perpetration-focused efforts – on the grounds that these efforts will be experienced as too sensitive by educators, parents, and/or students. Educators, parents, and students who participated in our focus groups and educators who participated in our individual interviews at follow-up did raise some concerns specific to RBYC structure, content, and activities. Concerns involved ensuring that content was introduced and delivered in a manner that did not overwhelm (or bore) students and, with regard to the family activities, finding ways to connect with busy parents. Yet the dominant response from participants across all of our stakeholder groups was strong support for the RBYC program. Indeed, we were pleasantly surprised that the program was so well accepted and that concerns were minimal. This positive feedback was consistent with our experience in other contexts over the years with educators, parents, and students reaching out for help with youth problem sexual behavior. This also illustrates the need for universal prevention programming. Future studies may consider the benefit of layering more intensive preventative interventions including selective and indicated programming onto the universal RBYC program.
A Neuroethical Analysis of Physicians’ Dual Obligations in Clinical Research
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2019
This is largely because disallowing clinical research on the grounds of dual-role consent stifles valuable generalizable knowledge, whereas allowing DrC on the whims of physician-researchers remains ethically problematic. Therefore, it is exigent to develop inclusion and exclusion criteria for permitting some physicians to engage in DrC using objective and ethically justifiable parameters. This raises an important question: If some physicians who experience CD in the context of DrC are ethically “eligible” to seek consent from their patients and if some scientific approach may be developed to generate context-specific evidence for such “eligibility”, what specific neurophysiological criteria may be useful for that purpose? From a neuroscientific perspective and in relation to DrC, what seems useful is the capacity to hold two cognitions that are flexible enough to detect when to pursue clinical research in the interests of science and when to hold it off in the interest of patients based on context-appropriate factors. That is, physicians’ eligibility for DrC should be tied to their capacity to experience dissonance while refraining from forming one-size-fits-all preference changes. This will require the capacity to exhibit an ample measure of response inhibition, a means through which a routine or hitherto dominant response is deliberately withheld (Friedman and Miyake 2017).