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Africa
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Ethical issues concerning informed consent in translational/clinical research and vaccination
Published in Joseph Tham, Alberto García Gómez, Mirko Daniel Garasic, Cross-Cultural and Religious Critiques of Informed Consent, 2021
As the notion of informed consent relies on a set value of individual autonomy that not all cultures and approaches to life share, a patient’s cultural disposition and past experiences with medical healthcare professionals will have an impact on the amount of trust that they can have in a vaccines’ efficacy, for example. Although local culture may shape people’s perception over time, people are more likely to trust experts that share a similar background, tradition, religion and culture with them.8 When working with ethnic minority patients, it is important to note that comprehension may also transcend simply linguistic barriers. The conceptualization of illness and cultural bias both plays a role in the ways that information is presented and understood. Thus, it is important to understand the role that culture plays in obtaining informed consent.9 In particular, in multicultural societies, where a large portion of the society is made up of immigrants with varying cultural backgrounds, there may be differing attitudes regarding the role of physicians. Moreover, the quality of informed consent may be dependent on the relationship between a physician and their patient.
Cross-Cultural Differences on Cognitive Task Performance: The Influence of Stimulus Familiarity
Published in Walter J. Lonner, Dale L. Dinnel, Deborah K. Forgays, Susanna A. Hayes, Merging Past, Present, and Future in Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2020
Corine J. Sonke, Ype H. Poortinga, Jan H. J. De Kuijer
One way to explain this finding is in terms of an overall capacity in speed of processing (Eysenck 1982; Jensen, 1985). Another way is to point to cultural bias. For colored lights as well as for sounds, Poortinga (1971) found an interaction between culture and stimuli. This was interpreted as evidence that the domains from which the stimuli were sampled were not identical for the cultural populations concerned, thereby precluding any meaningful comparison of score levels (Poortinga, 1971, 1989). However, showing the presence of bias does not resolve the question of why it occurs.
Migrant mental health care
Published in Christopher Dowrick, Global Primary Mental Health Care, 2019
Different cultures and communities exhibit or explain symptoms in various ways. For example, uncontrollable crying and headaches are symptoms of panic attacks in some cultures, while difficulty breathing may be the primary symptom in other cultures. Knowledge about such distinctions can help health care workers to ask the patient about the meaning of their symptoms, and thus more accurately diagnose and effectively treat them. Specific beliefs about mental phenomena and psychological distress often seen in migrants relate to supernatural explanations. Some cultures, e.g. Moroccan, may be relatively accepting of ‘hearing voices’, while others may perceive it as a psychiatric symptom, e.g. Dutch. Several culture-bound expressions of anxiety and culture-bound syndromes are detailed within the appendices of the DSM-5 classification.16 Be also aware of your own (implicit) cultural bias and ‘medical gaze’ (see above).
Language accessibility in allied healthcare for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) families of young children with chronic health conditions: a qualitative systematic review
Published in Speech, Language and Hearing, 2021
Zheng Yen Ng, Monique Waite, Louise Hickson, Katie Ekberg
Studies in this review recommended clinicians use a holistic approach, which align with Epley et al. (2010)’s principle of family as the unit of attention. Clinicians were recommended to take on a holistic approach for assessment, by gathering more knowledge on families’ language backgrounds and gain more cultural understanding of CALD populations. This could aid to prevent a potential implicit cultural bias in working with ethnic groups as described by Hall et al. (2015), i.e. implicit stereotyping, in patient-provider interactions, health outcomes, and to some extent treatment decision and adherence. Ways clinicians could reduce a potential implicit cultural bias include positive contact with these ethnic groups during clinical training, perspective taking, seeking individualized information, and identifying one’s own biases and taking responsibility to address these biases (Hall et al., 2015).
Understanding stress in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: a focus on under-represented families
Published in International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2019
Suzannah Iadarola, José Pérez-Ramos, Tristram Smith, Ann Dozier
There were variable reports regarding how background influences the understanding and acceptance of an ASD diagnosis. Some participants felt race and ethnicity were integrally related to how members of their families and communities viewed ASD. For example, black caregivers described people in their community as generally uninformed and unreceptive to ASD, while cultural influences of acceptance were more inconsistently reported within the Latino community. One Latina caregiver indicated that the lack of cultural acceptance has resulted in estrangement from her family. The group of black caregivers more unanimously reported their perceptions of cultural bias in their communities. Many parents felt that this community was showed unwillingness to learn about ASD: ‘They would rather not recognize it. They would rather not deal with it …’
When Parents Refuse: Resolving Entrenched Disagreements Between Parents and Clinicians in Situations of Uncertainty and Complexity
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2018
The development of this tool is primarily the result of my experiences as a clinician and a member of a clinical ethics committee (CEC). I have participated in many CEC discussions about parental decisions for children and, over a period of years, noticed patterns. Specifically, I have noted variability in recommendations about overruling parents depending on who presented the case to the committee and what disciplines and personalities were present at any particular meeting. I have reflected on my experience and the writings of ethicists to categorize some of the types of missteps that arbiters might make in the decision to overrule parents. These include errors of omission, a tendency to try to reduce complexity, and inadvertent bias, particularly cultural bias toward medical culture and medical values.