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Stress and the Dental Situation
Published in Eli Ilana, Oral Psychophysiology, 2020
The approach-avoidance conflict is where the individual is presented with a stimulus which is both repulsive and attractive. Dental treatment is often associated with an unpleasant necessity which, nevertheless, carries with it some positive recompensation (nice healthy teeth). It is the relative strength of each stimulus that finally determines avoidance or cooperation regardless of the fear. The desire for a healthy mouth can be a powerful incentive for some patients in spite of their dental anxiety.6,7
Support-for-Action
Published in Hicks Robert F., Coaching as a Leadership Style, 2013
Ambivalence about change is a common experience. Even when a person has recognized the need for change and has moved from precontemplation to contemplation, she may not have yet taken action. In other words, contemplation is not a commitment to act. This point in the change process is analogous to standing on the edge of a cliff, but not making the leap. Some people stand on the edge of the cliff for days, others for weeks, and still others for months and years until they can resolve the “I want to, but I don't want to” dilemma. Ambivalence can be thought of as a manifestation of an approach-avoidance conflict. An approach-avoidance conflict occurs when a person has a single goal or wish that is both desirable and undesirable at the same time. Everyone has experienced the ambivalence that results from approach-avoidance conflicts as evidenced by the following types of thoughts and concerns:
ENTRIES A–Z
Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
In biological psychology, conflict generally refers not to AGGRESSION between individuals or groups but to inner struggles. In ETHOLOGY, three types of conflict are identified: approach-approach, when an organism has desires to approach two positive reinforcers simultaneously (see POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT); avoidance-avoidance, with two stimuli equally to be avoided; and approach-avoidance, in which an organism has competing desires to approach and avoid a particular stimulus. Approach-avoidance conflict is the most common, frequently appearing in situations involving courtship. Conflict is often a cause of displacement behaviour, when species typical behaviours will appear out of context. These are assumed to be the product of heightened DRIVE or MOTIVATION triggered by a specific STIMULUS but which cannot be satisfied. (SCHEDULE-INDUCED POLYDIPSIA is thought to be a laboratory analogue of this.) A CONFLICT TEST test is often used in laboratories in ANIMAL MODELS OF ANXIETY.
Prognostication in post-stroke aphasia: Perspectives of people with aphasia on receiving information about recovery
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2023
Bonnie B. Y. Cheng, Brooke J. Ryan, David A. Copland, Sarah J. Wallace
Beyond mistrust, apprehension towards conversations about prognosis appears to arise from an approach-avoidance conflict. Such a conflict has been alluded to in previous research. Curtis et al. report that patients often want prognostic information while feeling apprehensive about being explicitly informed of unfavourable outcomes (Curtis et al., 2008). Similarly, in Lawton et al.’s interview study, people with aphasia conveyed the psycho-emotional cost of being informed about prognosis, as well as their desire to be realistically informed yet permitted to hope (Lawton, Haddock, et al., 2018). Adding insight to existing knowledge, our findings show that time-bound estimations of recovery are simultaneously desired and dreaded because the limitation of time is a threat to the possibility of a full recovery. Despite the emotional discomfort and practical inconvenience of uncertainty, it seems to be preferred over a definite prognosis as uncertainty permits an indefinite state of possibility. Moreover, a preference for the unknown over the impossible suggests that false hope is preferable to despair, because it is the state of not knowing that leaves room for possibilty. In essence, this conflict is synonymous with clinicians’ dilemma of balancing optimism with realism when delivering prognoses, because uncertainty inherently permits possibility just as hope inevitability creates a risk for disappointment. However, even realistic prognoses can instil optimism, and optimistic prognoses are still within the realm of reality; both are attributable to prognostic uncertainty.
Personality and Psychiatric Disorders among Employees of New York City Workplaces Affected by the 9/11 Attacks on the World Trade Center
Published in Psychiatry, 2022
Maria E. Reynolds, Josh M. Raitt, Ala Üstyol, Rachel Zettl, C. Robert Cloninger, Carol S. North
Using similar methods, a TCI resilience configuration variable was created using the product of a character dimension (self-directedness), a temperament dimension (harm avoidance), and a temperament subdimension of reward dependence (persistence). An approach-avoidance conflict configuration variable was created using the product of two temperament dimensions (novelty seeking and harm avoidance). A rejection sensitivity conflict variable was created using the product of two temperament dimensions (reward dependence and harm avoidance). A dramatic attention-seeking variable was also created using the product of two temperament dimensions (reward dependence and novelty seeking). An executive functioning variable was created using the product of two character dimensions (self-directedness and cooperativeness), with higher values representing more developed executive functioning. The combination of low self-directedness and low cooperativeness is considered to represent elevated likelihood of personality disorder (Svrakic et al., 1993).
Enriched environment ameliorates dexamethasone effects on emotional reactivity and metabolic parameters in mice
Published in Stress, 2020
Eslen Delanogare, Raul Marin de Souza, Giovana Karoline Rosa, Fernando Garcia Guanabara, Alex Rafacho, Eduardo Luiz Gasnhar Moreira
The open field was used to evaluate the locomotor and exploratory activities induced by a novel environment. The natural tendency of the animal in a new environment is to exploit it, despite the stress and conflict caused by the new environment (Prut & Belzung, 2003). This test assess unconditioned emotional reactions based on natural approach/avoidance conflict (Ramos, 2008). The anxiety-related behavior in the OFT is triggered by two factors: individual testing and agoraphobia. Higher levels of anxiety should mainly lead to decreases in the ratio “number of squares visited in center/number of squares visited on periphery.” The apparatus, made of wood and covered with impermeable Formica, had 50 cm wide × 50 cm deep × 40 cm high. Each mouse was placed in the center of the open field and allowed to freely explore the apparatus for 5 min. The following behavioral parameters were evaluated: % of crosses in the center, total number of crosses and time in the center.