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Ethics Biology: Are There Ethical Genomes?
Published in Howard Winet, Ethics for Bioengineering Scientists, 2021
Once these conditions are established there is “environmental pressure” on all members of the social population for conflict resolution. Since natural selection determines which genes successfully respond to environmental pressure, it drives the evolution of the subject social species. Resolution occurs at two levels:“Dyadic level: One-on-one interaction between individuals, such as direct reciprocation of aid and reconciliation following fightsHigher levels: Community concern, or care about good relationships between others, expressed in 1) mediated reconciliation, 2) peaceful arbitration of disputes, 3) appreciation of altruistic behavior on a group wide basis (indirect reciprocity), and 4) encouragement of contributions to the quality of the social environment (The last two may be limited to human moral systems; the first two are more widespread.)” (de Waal 1997).
Early Child-Rearing and Social Motives After Nine Years: A Cross-Cultural Longitudinal Study 1
Published in Walter J. Lonner, Dale L. Dinnel, Deborah K. Forgays, Susanna A. Hayes, Merging Past, Present, and Future in Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2020
Hans-Joachim Kornadt, Yoshiharu Tachibana
As for altruism measured at t2 with the H-Sit, results were generally the same. Selecting from the various types of altruistic behavior, the study concentrated on altruism based on empathy, “true altruism” according to Batson (1991). Similar relationships between early child-rearing techniques and children’s behavior indicated a complex condition that can be described as the difference between secure and insecure attachment. A regression analysis for the combined group of Japanese and German subjects revealed that three predictors of child-rearing variables explained 24% of the variance in empathy-based altruism over the nine year time span: mothers’ interpretations of children’s behavior (Beta 4.86); children’s resistance (1.45); children’s negative affect (−1.83).
Social Psychology
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Prosocial behavior is defined as any act that is intended to benefit another person. Helping can range from picking up dropped packages to donating a kidney. Closely related to helping is altruism, which means an unselfish concern for another person’s welfare (Penner et al., 2005). Altruism is generally understood to be an intentional and voluntary act performed to benefit another person at a personal cost to the behaving individual (A. Smith, 2009; Staub, 1978). It involves doing things simply due to a desire to help, not because one feels obliged because of duty, loyalty, or religious reasons. Psychological altruism is contrasted with psychological egoism, in which helping others arises from a conscious or unconscious motivation to increase one’s own welfare (pseudo-altruism). Thus, the underlying motivation is what separates altruism from pseudo-altruism. There has been some debate on whether or not humans are truly capable of psychological altruism. However, one could imagine a spectrum that ranges from genuine altruistic behavior to truly egoistic behavior.
Measuring LGBT Discrimination in a Buddhist Country
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2023
Krichkanok Srimuang, Piriya Pholphirul
Moreover, compassion precipitates an effort to help others who are suffering, which eventually leads to finally helping them unconditionally, without any intention of receiving rewards. This is called altruistic behavior (De Steno, 2015). Altruism reduces discrimination toward others in accord with the Buddhist perspective that helping others is following the bodhisattva path, which aims at serving sentient beings through the four sublime states and which is motivated by an enlightened mind. When helping others, Buddhists are concerned not only with their own self-interest but also that of other individuals, society, and their environment—a holistic view that leads to an inclusive society (Brandt et al., 2015; Butrus & Witenberg, 2012; Cabezón, 1993; Chambré & Einolf, 2008; Cheng, 2015).
Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes: Results from a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Lebanon during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Published in Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2021
Fatima Msheik El Khoury, Farid Talih, Mohamad F El Khatib, Nadine Abi Younes, Midhat Siddik, Sahar Siddik-Sayyid
In our study, HCWs who reported anxiety and depression symptoms were more likely to perceive the risks of COVID-19. On the contrary, altruistic acceptance of risk was significantly negatively correlated with depression. This may indicate that altruistic acceptance of job-related risks may have protected some hospital employees against negative psychological outcomes following the COVID-19 outbreak. Our results were in line with a previous study that discussed altruistic behavior theory. It concluded that altruism is associated with reduced aggression and better psychological wellbeing [9]. This is supported by the social psychology theory, which posits that altruistic behavior gains dominance over fear and reduces stress caused by the fight-fight response in the face of perceived danger [27].
Health Research Priority Setting: The Duties of Individual Funders
Published in The American Journal of Bioethics, 2018
Pharmaceutical companies often do take advantage of market failures; for instance, they sell lifesaving medications at astronomical prices while achieving massive profits and use these profits to lobby politicians to permit more market inefficiencies (Chon 2016). These actions leave some populations worse off than they should have been. Because firms have a constitutive obligation to not take advantage of market failures, when they do so, this generates a duty to rectify the social injustice that they have exploited and are aggravating. It is not always clear how this duty should be fulfilled. In some cases, altruistic behavior on the part of firms might exacerbate harms by further compromising market efficiency. However, in many cases, a firm can best fulfill its social role—to help generate a just distribution of goods—through targeted research. For instance, pharmaceutical companies can usually do more good by reinvesting a larger portion of profits in socially valuable research than they can by maintaining double-digit profit margins.