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Cytoskeletons (F-actin) and spermatogenesis
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Liza O’Donnell, Peter G. Stanton
TBC formation and function depends on F-actin dynamics. Various actin-binding proteins are present in the proximal cuff region of the TBC, including espin, cortactin, cofilin, paxillin, vinculin, zyxin, Eps8, N-WASP, and Arp2/3.69 These proteins are likely important for the formation, elongation, and maintenance of the tubular portion of the TBC76,77; however, relatively little is known about their regulation. Knockdown of Arpc1b, an estrogen-responsive subunit of the Arp2/3 complex involved in actin nucleation and branching, compromised BTB integrity in vivo.78 Both FSH and testosterone regulate the expression of a panel of Sertoli cell miRNAs in vitro that target proteins in the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions.79 Importantly, disruption of F-actin network using cytochalasin D caused the tubular regions of basal TBCs to become swollen with disorganized actin foci, confirming the importance of actin networks in normal TBC function.76
Integrin Receptors and Epiligrin in Cell-Cell and Cell-Substrate Adhesion in the Epidermis
Published in Yoshikazu Takada, Integrins: The Biological Problems, 2017
William G. Carter, Susana G. Gil, Banu E. Symington, Tod A. Brown, Shunji Hattori, Maureen C. Ryan
In FAs, the β1 or β3 subunit of the integrin heterodimer receptors are associated directly with cytoplasmic talin or α-actinin and indirectly with vinculin, paxillin, zyxin, tensin, and a series of regulatory components including the tyrosine kinases, pp60src, and p125FAK.19,29,100,101 For example, overexpression of vinculin suppresses cell motility.102 Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in tensin, zyxin, paxillin, and p125FAK has been implicated as a regulatory signal for the assembly/disassembly of FAs.
Measurement for deriving kinematic parameters: numerical methods
Published in Youlian Hong, Roger Bartlett, Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science, 2008
Orientation angles are sequence-specific, meaning different rotation sequences result in different sets of orientation angles. For this reason, comparing two data sets based on different rotation sequences must be avoided. The rotation sequence chosen must be physically and intuitively meaningful. There is no set rule concerning the selection of the rotation sequence, but the following will serve as guidelines: In general, it is not recommended to place the longitudinal (Z) axis between the other two axes. Angular motion of a segment can be decomposed into two component rotations: the rotation of the longitudinal axis (transverse rotation) and the rotation of the segment about the longitudinal axis (longitudinal rotation). The transverse rotation comes from the rotations about the mediolateral (X) and anteroposterior (Y) axes. Placing the longitudinal axis between the other two axes (YZX and XZY) makes the two rotation planes not perpendicular and, thus, can exaggerate the rotations substantially.Between the mediolateral and anteroposterior axes, placing the mediolateral axis first is more intuitive and meaningful. This is because the sagittal plane is the symmetry plane of the central segments and sagittal plane motions are the main joint motions in the limbs. The hinge axes are generally aligned with the mediolateral axes of the segments. This excludes the YXZ and ZYX sequences as well.There are only two remaining sequences out of the six possible sequences: XYZ and ZXY. If the longitudinal rotation of the segment is the centrefold of the analysis, placing the Z axis after the X and Y axes (XYZ) is more intuitive and meaningful. This is because the focus of the analysis is the longitudinal orientation with a given transverse orientation. If the focus of the study is the transverse orientation with a given longitudinal orientation, the ZXY sequence is more meaningful. The central segments such as the trunk (thorax, abdomen, and pelvis) and the head are the potential clients for the ZXY sequence, but the nature of the investigation must be considered carefully in the selection process.
BST-1 as a serum protein biomarker involved in neutrophil infiltration in schizophrenia
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2022
Liang-Jen Wang, Yu-Chi Huang, Pao-Yen Lin, Yu Lee, Chi-Fa Hung, Su-Ting Hsu, Lien-Hung Huang, Sung-Chou Li
To identify novel serum markers of schizophrenia, we focussed on eight of the 12 differentially expressed serum proteins with 1.5-fold changes in four comparison data sets between healthy cases and schizophrenic patients, including ITIH5, OSCAR, SDPR, SH3BGR, ZYX, BST1, ARHGD1B and TPM4. Clinical verification of eight candidates was implemented using 52 patients with schizophrenia (36 males and 29 females, mean age: 42.2 ± 9.8 years) and 50 healthy control subjects (mean age: 40.1 ± 12.0 years) (Table 1). Through ELISA validation, the results indicated that patients with schizophrenia had significantly lower serum levels of BST1 (schizophrenia: 1199.2 ± 546.3 ng/mL; controls: 1439.5 ± 608.5 ng/mL; t(100)= 2.63, p = .01) and higher ITIH5 levels (schizophrenia: 4906.6 ± 7922.9 ng/mL; controls: 7482.1 ± 9418.1 ng/mL; t(100)= 2.08, p = .04) than did healthy controls (Figure 2). No significant differences were observed in ZYX, OSCAR, TPM4, SDPR, ARGHDB, or SH3BGRL3 levels between patients and controls (Supplementary Figure 1). We further examined whether the protein markers were influenced by age, sex, height, body weight and BMI, and we found the levels of BST1 (p > .05) and ITIH5 (p > .05) were not significantly correlated to participants’ age, sex, height, body weight and BMI.
Human cochlear microanatomy – an electron microscopy and super-resolution structured illumination study and review
Published in Hearing, Balance and Communication, 2020
Wei Liu, Rudolf Glueckert, Annelies Schrott-Fischer, Helge Rask-Andersen
Both Connexin30 (Gjb6) and Connexin26 (Gjb2)-deficiencies cause severe hearing loss and lack of endo-cochlear potential (EP) [17–19]. Most supporting cells show a large number of GJs in man. They allow passage of small substances (<1.5 kDa) [20,21] and ions but can also electrically couple cells to coordinate activity of larger cell groups. Remarkably, a large number of cx30 expressing GJs are present both alongside adjacent and opposite pillars [5]. GJ plaques are present between human pillar heads as demonstrated with super resolution immunohistochemistry and TEM shown in Figure 3(A) (inset). This suggests that the pillars are electrically coupled and coordinate motor activity of larger cell groups in the human organ. The dynamic components of supporting cells may modulate mechanical vibrations from the BM via the microtubule–actin system along the cellular shafts to the RL and hair cells. Microtubules are anchored through filamentous connections at focal adhesions (Figure 4). Microtubules also run independently of the basal surfoskelosome, which is of significance for contraction–relaxation of the polarized network during oscillatory vibrations. According to Schick et al. [22], vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) is believed to regulate actin dynamics, motility, and cell adhesion, together with zyxin. These authors believed that actin-based dynamics in the pillars control longer-lasting mechanical properties contrary to the faster cilia action.
Applications of multiple reaction monitoring targeted proteomics assays in human plasma
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
Georgia Kontostathi, Manousos Makridakis, Jerome Zoidakis, Antonia Vlahou
Lung cancer is a main cause of death worldwide, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths for 2018 [55]. It is classified as small-cell (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), with the latter consisting of large-cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma (ADLC) and squamous-cell carcinoma. MRM was used in a verification study (Tier 2) of 95 putative plasma biomarkers for NSCLC. Using an initial set of 30 cases and healthy controls, 60 peptides corresponding to 44 proteins were detected in plasma, and of the latter, 24 peptides corresponding to 17 proteins were detected at increased levels in NSCLC patients compared to controls. The latter were further investigated in a larger set of 72 cases and 30 controls, where zyxin was highlighted as a marker for further investigation, exhibiting AUC of 0.958 in cancer detection, and with high correlations of received values with the quantities provided by ELISA assays for the marker [67].