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Impact of Endosymbionts on Antimicrobial Properties of Medicinal Plants
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Flávia Figueira Aburjaile, José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto, Thamara de Medeiros Azevedo, Juan Carlos Ariute, Jéssica Barboza da Silva, Roberta Lane de Oliveira Silva, Valesca Pandolfi, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
Among the most widespread techniques in the analysis of the diversity profile of endophytic communities are DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis), T-RFLP (Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) and ARDRA (Amplified Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) Restriction Analysis) (Zhou et al. 2014; Zhao et al. 2018; Barman and Dkhar 2020). Among these, the DGGE of the 16S and 18S rRNA genes has been a popular choice among publications to elucidate the profile and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities of medicinal plants in different tissues, including the phyllosphere and endosphere of plant parts such as roots, stems, leaves and fruits (Bogas et al. 2015; Wicaksono et al. 2018; Janatiningrum et al. 2018).
Probiotics and their Potential Effects on Schizophrenia Symptoms
Published in Martin Colin R, Derek Larkin, Probiotics in Mental Health, 2018
Mick P Fleming, Colin R Martin
Outcomes were measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989). The PANSS is a 30-item gold standard severity measure of the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia with a third sub-scale measuring general psychopathology. It is made up of seven items measuring the positive symptoms (delusions, conceptual disorganisation, hallucinatory behaviour, excitement, grandiosity, suspiciousness/persecution and hostility) and seven items measuring the negative symptoms (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, difficulty in abstract thinking, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation and stereotyped thinking). The remaining 16 items make up the general psychopathology sub-scale (somatic concerns, anxiety, guilt feelings, tension, mannerisms and posturing, depression, motor retardation, uncooperativeness, unusual thought content, disorientation, poor attention, lack of judgment and insight, disturbance of volition, poor impulse control preoccupation and active social avoidance). Each item is scored on a numerical 1-7 likert severity rating from absent (score 1) through to extreme (score 7) giving a scoring range of 30-210, higher scores indicating more serious presentations (Kay et al., 2006). The PANSS is administered through a 30-40 minute structured interview and was developed in order to standardise and obtain information relevant to diagnostic criteria. The structured clinical interview used is the DSM-IV-R, PANSS edition (SCID-PANSS) (Kay et al., 2006). Both patients/participants were interviewed for 30 days and one day prior to the start of the probiotic treatment and 30, 60 and 120 days after the commencement of the probiotic treatment (Nagamine et al., 2012). Faecal flora was checked from both participants using the terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism method one day prior to the start of the probiotic treatment and 30 and 120 days after commencement of the probiotic treatment (Nagamine et al., 2012).
A scoping review of longitudinal airway microbiota studies
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Tary Yin, Jae H. Jeong, Tim F. Hardcastle, Kristi Biswas, Richard G. Douglas
Swabs from healthy adults revealed that more diverse communities were more stable over time although large shifts in community composition were observed with reported antibiotic usage [26,27]. Takeshita et al. [28] conducted the largest of these studies on older adults admitted to hospitals and nursing homes in Japan [28]. They performed terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (identification of bacteria via fluorescently tagged polymerase chain reaction amplified DNA) on tongue scraping samples for up to 12 months of follow up. They showed that specific microbiota profiles in older, institutionalized adults were associated with significantly higher risks of developing subsequent pneumonia. These profiles were characterized by Prevotella, Veillonella, Treponema, Neisseria, Haemophilus, and Aggregatibacter species. On the other hand, profiles predominated by Streptococcus and Rothia species were at a lower risk of both pneumonia and febrile illnesses. Host factors associated with an increased risk of pneumonia included reduced tongue moisture, use of dentures, reduced physical activity, dementia and dysphagia, suggesting that aspiration of pathogens from the upper to lower airway may have caused these infections [28].
Safety and efficacy of using heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137: High-dose and long-term use effects on immune-related safety and intestinal bacterial flora
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2021
Hiroko Nakai, Shinji Murosaki, Yoshihiro Yamamoto, Michiko Furutani, Rumiko Matsuoka, Yoshitaka Hirose
Fecal samples for intestinal microbiota analysis were kept in collection tubes containing guanidine thiocyanate solution and analyzed at Techno Suruga. DNA extraction and fecal microbiota analysis via a terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) method were done as previously described (Nagashima et al. 2003, 2006; Takahashi et al. 2014). In brief, the 16S rRNA gene in DNA isolated from each sample was amplified with fluorescent-labeled primers. The amplified products were then digested with Bsl I restriction enzyme and classified by distribution of operational taxonomic units (OTU). Each OTU was quantified as a percent of total OTU area, and expressed as percentage of the area under the curve. T-RFLP was used to classify microbes into the following groups: Lactobacillales, Clostridium sub-cluster XIVa, Clostridium clusters IV, IX, XI, and XVIII, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Bifidobacterium, and others. Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratios were also calculated (Emoto et al. 2016; Saji et al. 2019). The phylum Firmicutes included Lactobacillales and Clostridium, while Bacteroidetes included Bacteroides and Prevotella.
Following the community development of SIHUMIx – a new intestinal in vitro model for bioreactor use
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Jannike Lea Krause, Stephanie Serena Schaepe, Katarina Fritz-Wallace, Beatrice Engelmann, Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk, Sabine Kleinsteuber, Florian Schattenberg, Zishu Liu, Susann Mueller, Nico Jehmlich, Martin Von Bergen, Gunda Herberth
To circumvent challenges regarding the community reproducibility and the identification of suitable states to introduce a treatment, we established the extended simplified human microbiota (SIHUMIx) as a model community for in vitro use. SIHUMIx comprises of eight bacterial species, Anaerostipes caccae, Bifidobacterium longum, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Blautia producta, Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium ramosum, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus plantarum, and covers the genera Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria that are dominant in human feces.20 We tracked the dynamics during community adaptation with a multi-method approach, which combined standard fingerprinting and OMICs techniques. Methods like terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism21 analysis, flow cytometric fingerprinting22 and short chain fatty acid analysis23 are widely applied in microbial community characterization. Moreover, we evaluated untargeted metabolomics and intact protein profiling,24 as these methods have the potential to depict community development on the metabolic and structural level, respectively, even though these methods have not been used to follow community development yet.