China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Endocrinology and metabolism
Published in Kaji Sritharan, Jonathan Rohrer, Alexandra C Rankin, Sachi Sivananthan, Essential Notes for Medical and Surgical Finals, 2021
Kaji Sritharan, Jonathan Rohrer, Alexandra C Rankin, Sachi Sivananthan
The adrenal gland consists of the cortex and medulla. Within the cortex there are three zones: zona glomerulosa: produces mineralocorticoids – mainly aldosterone. Renin (from kidney) stimulates conversion of angiotensinogen (from liver) to angiotensin I, which is converted to angio tensin II in the lung by ACE. Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone productionzona fasciculata: produces glucocorticoids – mainly cortisol. CRF/AVP stimulate ACTH production by the pituitary which stimulates cortisol productionzona reticularis: produces sex steroids The medulla secretes catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline) in response to various stimuli, e.g. stress, fear.
Soybean-Based Functional Foods Through Microbial Fermentation: Processing and Biological Activities
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Arijit Nath, Titas Ghosh, Abinit Saha, Klára Pásztorné Huszár, Szilvia Bánvölgyi, Renáta Gerencsérné Berta, Ildikó Galambos, Edit Márki, Gyula Vatai, Andras Koris, Arpita Das
Due to presence of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in soybean products, Angiotensin-I is converted to Angiotensin-II in the rennin-angio-tensin pathway, which promotes vasoconstriction and high blood pressure (BP). Also, ACE supports the transformation of bradykinin into inactive metabolites [17].
Endothelial Cell Signaling During Wound Healing
Published in John J. Lemasters, Constance Oliver, Cell Biology of Trauma, 2020
The activation of FAK may support focal adhesion formation by phosphorylating other cytoskeletal proteins directly. One candidate is the vinculin-binding protein paxillin,85 which is tyrosine phosphorylated during integrin-mediated cell adhesion.68,69 FAK and paxillin colocalize in focal adhesions and have similar tyrosine phosphorylation patterns during development and neuropeptide stimulation.107,108 The phosphotyrosine content of paxillin also correlates with FAK expression in cells that overexpress the focal adhesion kinase.87 This correlation has also been observed for tensin,87 another focal adhesion protein that is tyrosine phosphorylated during integrin-mediated cell-ECM adhesion.109 Tensin is known to contain an SH2 domain,110 and this may facilitate a binding interaction with paxillin or FAK. Finally, a 130-kDa nonkinase phosphoprotein has been described in fibroblasts that is tyrosine phosphorylated during integrin-mediated cell adhesion,111 and may represent another FAK substrate.
Silencing lncRNA LINC01410 suppresses cell viability yet promotes apoptosis and sensitivity to temozolomide in glioblastoma cells by inactivating PTEN/AKT pathway via targeting miR-370-3p
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Tingkai Fu, Yunxue Yang, Zhenxin Mu, Rongwei Sun, Xingang Li, Jun Dong
Relative expressions of drug resistance-related proteins (glutathione-S-transferase-π, GST-π; P-glycoprotein: P-gp; multidrug resistance-associated protein 1, MRP1) and Phosphatase And Tensin Homolog (PTEN)/AKT pathway-related factors (PTEN; AKT; phosphorylated-AKT, p-AKT) were determined via Western blot as illustrated in a prior publication [28]. Total protein was extracted by lysing the treated or transfected GBM cells and tissues with RIPA lysis buffer (AR0105, Boster Bio, Pleasanton, CA), and its concentration was measured with a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein kit (AR0146, Boster Bio, Pleasanton, CA). Then 20 μg of total protein lysates were electrophoresed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) (AR0138, Boster Bio, Pleasanton, CA), and then transferred into a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane (YA1701, Solarbio, Beijing, China). The membrane was blocked by skimmed milk (5%) for 2 h and incubated with primary antibodies at 4 °C overnight. GAPDH was used as internal control. Later, the membrane was incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies at room temperature for an hour and washed using tris-buffer saline tween (TBST, T1085, Solarbio, Beijing, China) for three times. Information on all the antibodies used is listed in Table 3.
In vitro toxicity assessment of emitted materials collected during the manufacture of water pipe plastic linings
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2019
Lisa Kobos, Seyedeh Mahboobeh Teimouri Sendesi, Andrew J. Whelton, Brandon E. Boor, John A. Howarter, Jonathan Shannahan
To further evaluate RAW cell responses that were specific only to CIPP condensate exposures, the 17 proteins determined to be altered in common between all condensates and not styrene only were examined (Figure 5). Although all were similarly altered in terms of directionality differences in abundance were identified between CIPP worksite condensates (Figure 7 and Supplemental Table 5). For example, changes in galectin-3, perlipin-2, and CD14 were exacerbated by exposure to worksite 4 condensate compared to worksites 1 and 3, while all altered tensin-2 similarly (Figure 7). When these styrene-independent processes were globally examined via Ingenuity Pathway analysis, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disease, organismal injury, and abnormalities were determined to be the primary disease pathway induced.
The role of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in the pathogenesis of pauci-immune glomerulonephritis
Published in Renal Failure, 2019
Zeki Soypacaci, Ozlem Cakmak, Fulya Cakalagoglu, Onay Gercik, Ibrahim Ertekin, Atilla Uzum, Rifki Ersoy, Servet Akar
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase and plays role in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation. It also regulates cell survival and is stimulated by growth factors, nutrients, stress signals, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase(PI3K), mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK), 5' adenosine monophosphate(AMP), and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). mTOR complex includes two multiprotein complexes; mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) [3]. mTORC1 activates a number of substrates like ribosomal subunit-6 kinase-1 (S6K1) and eucaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein-1 (4EBP1), which are responsible for mRNA translation [4]. mTORC2 regulates actin cytoskeleton and activates protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) and AKT (protein kinase B; PKB). mTOR multiprotein complexes have a positive effect on fibrotic interleukins (IL). Liang et al. [3] showed that IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, and TGF-β were decreased after mTOR inhibition with rapamycin. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is the negative regulator of the AKT/mTOR pathway [5]. It usually inhibits mTOR by inhibiting AKT. Decreased intracellular levels of PTEN cause PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation and increased cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, migration, and angiogenesis [6].