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Rapid Infectious Diseases Diagnostics in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Bronwen Garner, Kimberly Hanson
Only one S. pneumoniae UAT, the BinaxNOW (Abbott), is FDA approved and uses antibodies directed at the pneumococcal C-polysaccharide protein. Urine and cerebrospinal fluid are both acceptable specimens for testing, and turnaround time is approximately 15 minutes. Per the package insert [12], the BinaxNOW detects 23 pneumococcal serotypes, with a clinical sensitivity and specificity ranging from 86% to 90% and 71% to 94%, respectively. Cross-reactivity with closely related Streptococcus mitis is expected, and false positives from recent pneumococcal vaccination (within 5 days) are also a theoretic possibility. The severity of illness affects LFA performance. Studies using positive Streptococcus culture from sputum, pleural fluid, or blood as the diagnostic gold standard for comparison report the best LFA test performance [13–24].
Oral Health
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Ana Moura Teles, José Manuel Cabeda
During the first months of life, species of Streptococcus are usually the first pioneering microorganisms to colonize the oral cavity with Streptococcus salivarius found mostly on the tongue dorsum and in saliva, Streptococcus mitis on the buccal mucosa, and Streptococcus sanguinis on the teeth (Socransky and Manganiello 1971; Gibbons and Houte 1975; Smith et al. 1993). The establishment of these herald microorganisms implies local ecological transformations, namely, local redox potential, pH, co-aggregation, and availability of nutrients, thereby enabling more fastidious organisms to colonize after them (Marsh 2000). As a result, we can see the appearance of Prevotellam elaninogenica, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Veillonella, Neisseria, and nonpigmented Prevotella (Kononen et al. 1992). Latter, the appearance of teeth surfaces (and with it, the gingival crevice) leads to increases of genera such as Leptotrichia, Campylobacter, Prevotelladenticola, and members of the Fusobacterium and Selenomonas genera (Kononen et al. 1994).
Streptococcus pyogenes
Published in Peter M. Lydyard, Michael F. Cole, John Holton, William L. Irving, Nino Porakishvili, Pradhib Venkatesan, Katherine N. Ward, Case Studies in Infectious Disease, 2010
Peter M. Lydyard, Michael F. Cole, John Holton, William L. Irving, Nino Porakishvili, Pradhib Venkatesan, Katherine N. Ward
In April 2007, the American Heart Association updated its guidelines for prevention of endocarditis and concluded that there is no convincing evidence linking dental, gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract procedures with the development of endocarditis. The prophylactic use of antibiotics prior to a dental procedure is now recommended only for those patients with the highest risk of adverse outcome resulting from endocarditis, such as patients with a prosthetic cardiac valve, previous endocarditis, or those with specific forms of congenital heart disease. The guidelines no longer recommend prophylaxis prior to a dental procedure for patients with rheumatic heart disease unless they also have one of the underlying cardiac conditions listed above. Antibiotic prophylaxis solely to prevent bacterial endocarditis is no longer recommended for patients who undergo a gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract procedure. (See Streptococcus mitis case, Case 34, for prophylatic recommendations for patients with ARF).
Metagenome sequencing-based strain-level and functional characterization of supragingival microbiome associated with dental caries in children
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019
Nezar Noor Al-Hebshi, Divyashri Baraniya, Tsute Chen, Jennifer Hill, Sumant Puri, Marisol Tellez, Nur A. Hasan, Rita R. Colwell, Amid Ismail
Over the past 15 years, Sanger sequencing of 16S rRNA clones, frequently coupled with reverse-capture checkboard DNA-DNA hybridization, has been widely employed to study the microbial community associated with dental caries [1–10]. Results of these studies have revealed significant diversity, and many novel species/phylotypes have been identified. In addition to substantiating evidence for the role of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli, they quite consistently revealed an association between a number of microorganisms and dental caries, including Propionibacterium spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Veillonella spp., Actinomyces spp. and Atopobium spp., as well as acidogenic non-mutans streptococci, especially in those subjects for which Streptococcus mutans was not detectable. It has also been possible to identify candidate health-associated bacterial species, such as Streptococcus mitis. Notably, most of these studies focused on caries of primary teeth [2,4,5,7,9,10].
“Primary bacterial culture of bile and pancreatic juice in tumor related jaundice (TROJ) - is ascending cholangitis always our fault?”
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2018
Tomasz Klimczak, Krzysztof Kaczka, Jerzy Klimczak, Ewa Tyczkowska-Sieroń, Anna Tyczkowska
Streptococcus mitis is a viridans streptococcus and a normal component of the human oral commensal flora. This species is a pioneer colonizer of the neonatal human oropharynx and is a numerically significant commensal throughout life [19]. A recent microbiome study showed that S.mitis is the predominant VGS (viridans group streptococci) species isolated from buccal mucosa samples from healthy persons [20]. Nevertheless, S.mitis can be the cause of many invasive diseases in immunocompromised patients especially in neutropenic patients and in patients treated with cytotoxic anticancer chemotherapy. S.mitis can primarily cause infectious endocarditis and bacteremia [19,21]. Because S.mitis is a commensal of the human oropharynx it is most likely to be translocated through epitelial barriers when patients become neutropenic (below 2.5 G/L). This seems not to be the case of our patients as only one of them developed neutropenia (she was diagnosed with S.mitis infection in the pancreatic fluid - case 3). In all other cases of S.mitis contamination neutrophil count was normal. Moreover, we did not observe any signs of S.mitis bacteremia in the follow-up of our patients. Routine blood culture examination was not performed.
Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection and chronic periodontitis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2018
Tábata Larissa S. Pólvora, Átila Vinícius V. Nobre, Camila Tirapelli, Mário Taba, Leandro Dorigan de Macedo, Rodrigo Carvalho Santana, Bruno Pozzetto, Alan Grupioni Lourenço, Ana Carolina F. Motta
Studies in the post-ART era have reported the presence of microorganisms not commonly found in the subgingival environment, including gram-positive commensal bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract as Clostridium difficile and Enterococcus faecalis, oral commensal microorganisms as Candida albicans, Mycoplasma salivarium, Entamoeba gingivalis, and opportunistic bacteria that frequently affect the respiratory or urinary tract as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii [10,44,46]. Species of the Neisseria genus were detected in dental biofilm and saliva samples of HIV-1-infected individuals but no association with inflammation, immune parameters, or functional gene content was identified [47]. Moreover, Streptococcus mitis, which has the potential to transfer virulence factors to other bacteria, and Capnocytophaga sp., a known opportunistic commensal pathogen involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, were also detected in saliva samples [48,49]. Veillonella parvula, Prevotella pallens, Campylobacter rectus, Campylobacter concisus, and Megasphaera micronuciform were found in tongue microbiota, which may be associated with caries, periodontal diseases, and systemic infections in HIV-1-infected subjects [50].