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Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G)
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Alasdair M. Geddes, Ian M. Gould, Jason A. Roberts, Jason A. Trubiano, M. Lindsay Grayson
Leuconostoc species are members of the family Streptococcaceae, and they only rarely cause infections, mainly in compromised hosts. These bacteria are moderately susceptible to Pen G, with MICs ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 μg/ml (Handwerger et al., 1990), but are frequently vancomycin resistant. Micrococcus is usually Pen G sensitive (Von Eiff et al., 1995). Stomatococcus mucilaginosus (previously Micrococcus mucilaginosus and now called Rothia dentocariosa), rarely causes septicemia in neutropenic patients. Its sensitivity to Pen G is variable, but this organism is always susceptible to vancomycin (McWhinney et al., 1992; Henwick et al., 1993; Tan et al., 1994; Ramanan et al., 2014).
Streptococcus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Classified in the family Streptococcaceae, order Lactobacillales, class Bacilli, phylum Firmicutes, domain Bacteria, the genus Streptococcus consists of more than 50 recognized species of facultative anaerobic Gram-positive cocci (GPC), namely, S. agalactiae, S. anginosus, S. bovis, S. canis, S. constellatus, S. downei, S. dysgalactiae, S. equinus, S. ferus, S. infantarius, S. iniae, S. intermedius, S. milleri, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. oralis, S. orisratti, S. parasanguinis, S. peroris, S. pneumoniae, S. pseudopneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. ratti, S. salivarius, S. tigurinus, S. thermophilus, S. sanguinis, S. sobrinus, S. suis, S. uberis, S. vestibularis, S. viridans, and S. zooepidemicus [3].
Cough Formation in Viral Infections in Children
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Human Respiratory Viral Infections, 2014
O’Grady Kerry-Ann F., Ian M. Mackay, Anne B. Chang
Next-generation or high-throughput sequencing has been used to examine the diversity of bacteria in the URT.179,180 This diversity is usually quantified in terms of the 16S rDNA sequence. The healthy adult nasopharynx is notable for the presence of skin lineages, including Staphylococcaceae, Propionibacteriaceae, and Corynebacteriaceae, and those found in the oral cavity such as Streptococcaceae, Veillonellaceae, and Prevotellaceae, but that each adult’s URT and LRT microbial communities are more similar to within individuals than between individuals.180
Rural environment reduces allergic inflammation by modulating the gut microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Zhaowei Yang, Zhong Chen, Xinliu Lin, Siyang Yao, Mo Xian, Xiaoping Ning, Wanyi Fu, Mei Jiang, Naijian Li, Xiaojun Xiao, Mulin Feng, Zexuan Lian, Wenqing Yang, Xia Ren, Zhenyu Zheng, Jiefeng Zhao, Nili Wei, Wenju Lu, Marjut Roponen, Bianca Schaub, Gary W. K. Wong, Zhong Su, Charles Wang, Jing Li
Exposure to environmental microorganisms is an important factor in allergic diseases.20 However, it has been reported that microbial communities in urban air have a lower abundance and diversity of fungal and bacterial communities due to urbanization.21 In this study, we found that increased bacterial diversity and endotoxin content in the environmental microbiota were associated with a lower risk of allergy, which is consistent with findings of the earlier studies.20 Some bacterial-derived products, such as gram-negative bacterial endotoxins and extracellular polysaccharides from gram-positive bacteria, have been reported to play a protective role in asthma or atopy.22,23 More recently, bacterial richness, bacterial load, and the FaRMI index (representing the ‘farm-like’ nature of an indoor environment) are thought to play an important role in protecting children from asthma.11 The FaRMI index suggests that the abundance of the Streptococcaceae family, which includes common opportunistic respiratory pathogens, contributes to the protective effect. Although we did not observe an enrichment of Streptococcaceae in urban indoor dusts in our study, this assumption was supported by the finding that urban indoor dusts contained more potentially pathogenic bacteria predicted by BugBase.
Cortisol levels versus self-report stress measures during pregnancy as predictors of adverse infant outcomes: a systematic review
Published in Stress, 2022
Rafael A. Caparros-Gonzalez, Fiona Lynn, Fiona Alderdice, Maria Isabel Peralta-Ramirez
In respect to gut microbiota, there is a growing body of evidence reporting associations between maternal stress and gut flora in offspring (Rakers et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2021). Gut microbiota, through the bidirectional communication the gut-brain axis (GBA) represent between the enteric and the central nervous system, has a key role on the development of psychiatric disorders (e.g. Autism, Anxiety) (Carabotti et al., 2015). Our findings in this review highlight the negative impact prenatal stress has on infants’ gut microbiota (Aatsinki et al., 2020; Jahnke et al., 2021a). Thus, higher levels of prenatal stress were associated with low levels of Lactobacillus (Aatsinki et al., 2020). Lactobacillus is a beneficial bacterium for humans and can be considered a potential probiotic with benefits for the infants’ health (Sun et al., 2021). Moreover, in this review high levels of maternal prenatal stress were associated with high levels of Streptococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (Jahnke et al., 2021a). Streptococcaceae is a microorganism that have been associated with prematurity, premature rupture of membranes and upper respiratory tract infection and pneumonia in neonates (Ying et al., 2019). Enterobacteriaceae has been associated with neonatal sepsis and is usually resistant to antibiotics (Smith et al., 2020). A higher understanding of the mechanism of communication of the gut-brain axis may contribute to understand the long-term effects maternal stress can have on infants (Simmons et al., 2021).
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in Zucker rats induces bacterial and systemic metabolic changes independent of caloric restriction-induced weight loss
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Florian Seyfried, Jutarop Phetcharaburanin, Maria Glymenaki, Arno Nordbeck, Mohammed Hankir, Jeremy K Nicholson, Elaine Holmes, Julian R. Marchesi, Jia V. Li
There was no significant difference in Shannon diversity index, species richness, or Chao1 between RYGB and Sham-obese or Sham-BWM, except for a significantly higher Shannon diversity index in Sham-BWM compared to the other two groups at week 4 (Fig S1). These alpha diversity measurements were not significantly different between time points within each experimental group. While all the animals had a similar starting microbiota, RYGB rats experienced deviation at a larger scale over time, whereas Sham-obese remained tightly clustered and Sham-BWM showed a temporary diversification at week 1 before retroceding to the same multivariate space occupied by pre-surgery samples (Figure 2a, Fig S2A). Bacterial families such as Lactobacillaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae were reduced post-RYGB surgery but not in the Sham groups (Figure 2b). In the Sham-BWM group, the relative abundance of Coriobacteriaceae and Lachnospiraceae were significantly changed at week 1 and shifted back to pre-intervention level (Figure 2c-2d). In contrast, Coriobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae were consistently increased, whereas Lactobacillaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae were reduced post-RYGB (Figure 2e-2i). Streptococcaceae increased at 1-week post-RYGB and shifted back to pre-surgery level by week 4 (Figure 2j).