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Island Ecosystems
Published in Kezia Barker, Robert A. Francis, Routledge Handbook of Biosecurity and Invasive Species, 2021
Bowen and Vuren (1997) pointed out that native island plants often are defenceless against introduced herbivores. Because competition and predation (including herbivory) tend to have a stronger effect on island species, island communities suffer greater impacts even if DI stays the same as that in similar mainland habitats. However, other factors such as hybridisation and genetic swamping (genetic pollution) are also among the leading causes of native species extinction on islands. The ‘island rule’ (i.e., dwarfism vs. gigantism; Lomolino et al., 2013) offers baseline information for predicting what kind of species (using traits like body size) may be more likely to successfully invade islands and how their traits might change over time.
Stakeholder analysis in a systems setting
Published in Kathy Knox, Krzysztof Kubacki, Sharyn Rundle-Thiele, Stakeholder Involvement in Social Marketing, 2020
Christine Domegan, Patricia McHugh, Dmitry Brychkov, Fiona Donovan
Stakeholders in a systems setting have never been more important due to the increasingly interconnected nature of the world. Many complex problems that social marketers tackle “encompass or affect numerous people, groups and organizations … where no one is fully in charge … instead many individuals, groups and organizations are involved or affected or have some partial responsibility to act” (Bryson, 2004, pp. 23–24). This holds for wicked problems such as obesity, smoking, alcohol, and HIV/AIDS in health and air/water quality, conservation, species extinction, and climate action in the environmental domain.
Conservation – A Strategy to Overcome Shortages of Ayurveda Herbs
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
S. Noorunnisa Begum, K. Ravikumar
Destructive collection practices are one of the major factors influencing the depletion of plant resources in the wild. Lack of awareness of good collection practices, growing industrial demand for the wild resources, weak guidelines and monitoring mechanisms for wild resource collection and management, competition among the local collectors, non-availability of better prices or incentives for primary collectors and an insufficient policy environment are some of the reasons for destructive collection. Unscientific collections from the wild had led to the threat of species extinction and inflicted severe genetic impoverishment among the wild populations. Sustainable harvesting can improve the livelihoods of people by ensuring a continued supply of biomass through supplementary income and employment (Leaman 2006).
Education for the Anthropocene: Planetary health, sustainable health care, and the health workforce
Published in Medical Teacher, 2020
Stefi Barna, Filip Maric, Julia Simons, Shashank Kumar, Peter J. Blankestijn
The rise of human civilizations since the last major glacial age 11,700 years ago, was enabled by a stable climate and extensive, biodiverse habitats. This geological epoch, called the Holocene, allowed for settled food production and the development of urban societies in almost every part of the world. Over the past few hundred years, the modern world system, based on colonization and industrialization, has transformed human society, extended life expectancy, and ‘severely altered’ three-quarters of land and two-thirds of marine environments. Over one-third of all land surface and three-quarters all freshwater resources are now used for agriculture (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) 2019). Land clearance and fossil fuel combustion have altered the global carbon cycle, increasing the carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere from approximately 280 ppm in preindustrial times to over 400 ppm today, trapping heat and raising the average surface temperature of the planet by about 1.0 °C above pre-industrial levels. Despite international agreements, greenhouse gas emissions have doubled since 1980 and continue to rise, soon ending our ability to stabilize global temperatures at 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2018). Anthropogenic changes to land, air, and oceans have produced a rate of species extinction up to hundreds of times faster than the average of the last 10 million years. At least 680 vertebrate species have been lost since 1500 as a result of human activities and a further one million animal and plant species are currently threatened with extinction (IPBES 2019).
Environmental physiotherapy and the case for multispecies justice in planetary health
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Filip Maric, David A. Nicholls
Solidarity, in the way we deploy it here, implies provision for the body and physical needs of others an attitude at the heart of many forms of contemporary physical therapy. How environmental physical therapies differ, however, is that solidarity also extends beyond merely human needs. Environmental physical therapies based on passivity and accompaniment would see issues concerning food sovereignty, water scarcity, changing land use, species extinction, poverty, civil strife, discrimination, displacement and social justice of all of our planet’s multispecies co-inhabitants as central to their thoughts and practices, because they are critical to the physical flourishing of us all.
A call for a new environmental physiotherapy - An editorial
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2019
Unlike any other time in the history of humanity, today’s world is marked by unprecedented environmental crises. Climate change, melting of polar ice caps, plastic waste polluting the oceans and other natural habitats are all pointing to mass species extinction (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2018; Mikanowski, 2017; Starr, 2016; World Wildlife Fund, 2018).