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Is the Human Embryo an Organism?
Published in Nicholas Colgrove, Bruce P. Blackshaw, Daniel Rodger, Agency, Pregnancy and Persons, 2023
Distinguishing between cyclic changes, cell-type-specific maturational changes and changes that signal the initiation of a new cell type requires observation over time, yet these three classes of alterations can be reliably segregated from each other, based on objective evidence. Using the previously noted criteria, an international consortium is currently collecting single-cell transcriptomic, epigenomic and imaging data both to determine how many human cell types exist and to distinguish between changes in cell type and cyclic changes in cell state (Regev et al. 2017).
An Overview of Parasite Diversity
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Single-cell transcriptomics offers the prospect of unparalleled precision and lack of bias in determining how a parasite uses its genome. Imagine too that for parasites like Cryptosporidium or T. gondii that live within host cells, the capture of a single infected host cell enables one to simultaneously and precisely profile both the parasite and host transcriptomes. By comparing samples taken from different points in the infection cycle or different host cell types, exquisitely detailed portraits of genome usage will emerge, bringing us closer to understanding the how and why of parasite genomes.
Genetics at the Cell Level
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Valentina Lorenzi, Roser Vento-Tormo
Before we can study the cellular dysregulation brought about by disease, it is imperative to have a comprehensive reference map of the molecular state of the cells in the healthy human tissue. The human reproductive system is responsible for producing gametes and hormones and for accommodating and nurturing the fetus, all of which are highly regulated functions that require timely activation of distinct cellular phenotypes. Single-cell transcriptomics has already helped shed light on the diversity of cells present in the human reproductive system, including primary and secondary reproductive organs across various stages of development, and have hinted at the cellular mechanisms potentially underlying many pathological conditions.
Experience and activity-dependent control of glucocorticoid receptors during the stress response in large-scale brain networks
Published in Stress, 2021
Damien Huzard, Virginie Rappeneau, Onno C. Meijer, Chadi Touma, Margarita Arango-Lievano, Michael J. Garabedian, Freddy Jeanneteau
Future studies employing single-cell transcriptomics will be useful in capturing the impact of experience and activity on the refinement of gene expression modules, since it allows the dissection of global gene expression in specific cell types during defined stress environment and behavioral state. This method could lead to the identification of subpopulations of cells activated in certain contexts, such as learning a task or being exposed to psychostimulants. For example, differential gene expression profiles were induced by morphine in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes collected from the same tissue of the same animals (Avey et al., 2018). Similarly, the influence of ongoing cell excitation (e.g. during visual stimulation of the retina) can impact the expression of GR regulated gene modules that is consistent with the role of GR on the plasticity of the visual system (Muto et al., 2013). In conclusion, experience and activity-dependent control of GR and MR assembly with ligands, DNA and coregulators are essential to precisely update and maintain the diversity of the responses.
Proteomic examination of the neuroglial secretome: lessons for the clinic
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Jong-Heon Kim, Ruqayya Afridi, Won-Ha Lee, Kyoungho Suk
The dynamic role of glial cells in various neurological disorders has been characterized through extensive research [33–35]. To translate these experimental findings clinically, there is need for the application of proteomic advances. Thus far, many studies have reported the transcriptomic analysis of glial cells in various diseases and the results obtained with the trending technique of single-cell omics have also been reported. The cellular heterogeneity of the CNS makes tissue-based analysis slightly cumbersome. Therefore, single cell analysis of any given cell provides a superior reflection of the changes in the cell under various stimulus conditions. Comparative analysis of single-cell transcriptomic studies has provided novel insights into disease mechanisms that were overlooked in multicellular transcriptomic studies.
Understanding the complexity of retina and pluripotent stem cell derived retinal organoids with single cell RNA sequencing: current progress, remaining challenges and future prospective
Published in Current Eye Research, 2020
Darin Zerti, Joseph Collin, Rachel Queen, Simon J. Cockell, Majlinda Lako
These rapidly emerging technologies also enable the detection and characterization of specific cell populations related to human development, health, and disease.18 In parallel to the technological developments, multiple methods of bioinformatics analysis have been developed, including read quantification, quality control, normalization, clustering, cell annotation using reference maps, and identification of differentially expressed genes, cell surface markers, and ligand-receptor pairs. There has been rapid development of methods to reduce noise, improve sensitivity and, notably the throughput for single-cell transcriptomics.19–23 To date, scRNA-Seq has been applied to mouse, primate, human fetal and adult retina,24,25 and to retinal organoids generated from pluripotent stem cells.26–28 In this review, we take the opportunity to review this fast progress and summarize the current challenges and unanswered questions for the field of retinal development and disease.