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The Role of Botanicals in Cardiovascular Health
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Beetroot is gaining popularity for its purported benefits on cardiovascular function and athletic performance. In fact, the global market for beetroot juice is increasing by 5% per year and shows no signs of slowing (Zamani et al. 2021). Beetroots, like spinach, lettuce, chard, and radishes, are a rich source of inorganic nitrates. Approximately 25% of the nitrate that enters the circulation from the gut becomes concentrated in the salivary glands through active uptake by the sialin transporter, and the rest is excreted by the kidneys (Gee and Ahluwalia 2016). Upon interaction with oral bacteria, nitrate is reduced to nitrite, swallowed, and absorbed, increasing plasma nitrite levels. Endogenous nitrite reductases reduce plasma nitrite to the bioactive nitric oxide (NO), which acts as a vasodilator (Lundberg et al. 2008). Of interest, antiseptic mouthwashes may eliminate up to 94% of the oral commensal bacteria that reduce nitrate to nitrite. Clinical trials show that the effects of antihypertensive drugs are inhibited (totally or partially) in subjects using this type of mouthwash (Oliveira-Paula et al. 2019).
Role of Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Diagnosis and Management of Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
Kannan Vaidyanathan, Sandhya Gopalakrishnan
Kelch-like 3 (KLHL3) and cullin 3 (CUL3), components of E3 ubiquitin ligase complex were found to be linked in the pathogenesis of pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII). Shibata et al. used MS and co-immunopreceipitation techniques to show that these genes have role in electrolyte homeostasis and hence have a role in actual pathogenesis of PHAII [64]. Sialin is a multi-functional transporter that mediates aspartate and glutamate neuro-transmission and may be involved in a variety of disorders like Salla disease [65]. Significant variations in gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and fatty acid pathways are seen in liver and kidneys of patients with primary hyperoxaluria type I [66]. Burillo et al. identified two proteins in carotid atherosclerosis, gelsolin like capping protein (CapG) and glutathione-S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO1) [67].
Dental Caries: Resistance Factors — Enamel Chemistry and Saliva
Published in Lars Granath, William D. McHugh, Systematized Prevention of Oral Disease: Theory and Practice, 2019
Stephen H. Y. Wei, James J. Crall, James S. Wefel
Since the work of Stephan67 in the 1940s, several workers have established a relationship between the extent and duration of the drop in plaque pH and susceptibility to caries. Jenkins33 has noted the following five major salivary constituents which act to raise plaque pH or reduce the magnitude of its fall. Water affects plaque pH by promoting the outward diffusion of acids.Bicarbonate is the main buffer of saliva in the mouth although some additional buffering capacity is provided by phosphates and proteins. Several studies of whole saliva suggest a clear tendency toward higher buffer capacity in CR individuals.42Ammonia and urea can influence plaque pH — ammonia by direct neutralization and urea by liberation of ammonia via urease activity.42 Crall et al.18 have demonstrated higher plaque pH values associated with elevated levels of salivary urea in chronic renal failure patients and have suggested this may account for the low caries rates seen in these individualsSialin, also termed the pH rise factor by Kleinberg,36 is a salivary peptide which increases glucose uptake and utilization by bacteria as well as base formation, thereby reducing the duration of the pH drop below baseline levels.The fifth category of constituents, the antibacterial factors, have been mentioned previously and are the basis for the development of a vaccine against caries.
Targeting glyco-immune checkpoints for cancer therapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Hypersialylation, in particular increased α2,6-sialylation, has been associated with several cancers and has been correlated with metastatic phenotype and poor prognosis [10]. Altered sialylation is often the results of dysregulated expression of sialyltransferases, whose transcription can be controlled by protooncogenes such as c-myc and ras, and hypoxia [33]. Indeed, altered expression of ST6Gal-I, which mediates α2,6-sialylation, has been reported in several malignancies, including colon, stomach, and ovarian cancer [34]. In line with these data, several studies in mice have shown that targeting sialic acids in vivo using sialidases or small molecules inhibiting sialic acid biosynthesis leads to increased immune cell activation and reduced tumor growth [35–37]. Gangliosides are sialic acid containing glycolipids which have been reported as overexpressed in numerous cancers. In particular, GM3, GD3 and GD2 are abnormally expressed in several tumors including melanoma and neuroblastoma [38–41]. Recently, a number of studies have shown that Neu5Gc-containing GM3 gangliosides are a specific tumor marker in several cancers [26,28,42]. The increased Neu5Gc uptake within the tumor microenvironment (TME) was proposed to be at least partially dependent on hypoxia induced overexpression of the sialic acid transporter sialin [43,44].
Cell culture models of oral mucosal barriers: A review with a focus on applications, culture conditions and barrier properties
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2018
Lisa Bierbaumer, Uwe Yacine Schwarze, Reinhard Gruber, Winfried Neuhaus
Saliva contains approximately 200 mg protein per 100 mL, including α-amylase 25–120 mg/100mL, IgA 20mg/100mL, IgG 1.5 mg/100mL and IgM 0.2mg/100mL. Antibacterial proteins in the saliva are lysozyme, lactoferrin, and sialoperoxidase and glycoproteins, muco glycoprotein 1, 2 and proline-rich glycoproteins. There are also polypeptides such as statherin and sialin and even free amino acids in saliva. The latter is in such a low concentration that extensive bacterial growth is not supported; the same goes for the glucose concentration but glucose concentration rises during food intake. The urea in saliva can be hydrolysed by bacteria leading to a higher pH. Inorganic contents are: potassium, sodium, chloride, phosphorus, bicarbonate, calcium, thiocyanate and fluoride. The composition can be different in different salivary glands and vary with the salivary flow rate.334