China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Inflammation
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
After endocytosis, the phagosomes are combined with neutrophil or macrophage granules. These are the primary lysosomes which release their enzyme content to the phagocytic vacuoles and become secondary lysosomes.193 In the case of neutrophils the primary granules are rich in lysosomal enzymes such as acid hydrolases, neutral proteinases, and various other enzymes which destroy microorganisms (Table 4). During the degranulation process some of the secondary lysosomes may fuse with additional primary lysosomes producing a single phagocytic vacuole. Some secondary lysosomes may form a residual body after releasing their enzymes. This body contains indigestible material which may be eliminated from the cell. Lysosomal granules may also be discharged from the cell during the ingestion phase. Completely degraded materials diffuse through the membrane into the cytoplasm from secondary lysosomes.
Golgi apparatus regulation of differentiation
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Louis Hermo, Regiana L. Oliveira, Charles E. Smith, Catherine E. Au, John J. M. Bergeron
Before being released from the seminiferous epithelium, the step 19 spermatid rids itself of organelles not utilized during spermatid differentiation. Defined as the residual body (Figures 1.4 and 1.5), this excess cytoplasmic mass contains mitochondria not used during formation of the midpiece of the flagellum, lipid droplets, and ER cisternae including remnants of the annulate lamellae and radial body.9,14,94,189,202,203 The residual body is embraced by processes of Sertoli cells and phagocytosed within the Sertoli cell cytoplasm, where it undergoes degradation with participation of its lysosomal system.189
Reconstruction of the Body
Published in Julian L Burton, Guy Rutty, The Hospital Autopsy, 2010
At the end of the evisceration, the body cavity will usually have residual body fluids, tissues and even bowel contents within it. All of these must be removed to prevent leakage. In the UK, with the introduction of legislation by the Human Tissue Authority (HTA), ‘tissue’ includes blood products – so residual blood and cellular material should remain with the body. This has created a dilemma for the technologist delegated to the reconstruction, as blood-stained fluid such as ascites and pleural fluid have in the past been removed and disposed of. Clarification was sought from the HTA on this specific subject. The HTA stated that ‘residual tissue is any tissue taken for a specific purpose’. As this residual fluid is not for a specific purpose, it can be disposed of as waste products; however, the body should be as complete as possible.
Targeting the PANoptosome with 3,4-Methylenedioxy-β-Nitrostyrene, Reduces PANoptosis and Protects the Kidney against Renal İschemia-Reperfusion Injury
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Erdal Uysal, Mehmet Dokur, Faruk Kucukdurmaz, Serdar Altınay, Sait Polat, Kadir Batcıoglu, Efe Sezgın, Tuğçe Sapmaz Erçakallı, Aslı Yaylalı, Yakup Yılmaztekin, Zafer Cetın, İlker Saygılı, Osman Barut, Hatem Kazımoglu, Gokturk Maralcan, Suna Koc, Turkan Guney, Nadire Eser, Mehmet Sökücü, Sema Nur Dokur
The fine structure of the tissue samples obtained from the DMSO group showed that in proximal tubule cells although mitochondria were normal, vacuolization of the cytoplasm was frequently observed. Heterochromatin increase in the nucleus, membranous whorl structures due to organelle damage, residual body in the cytoplasm, increase in edema areas and enlargement in the basal folds were noticed. Furthermore, electron micrographs of the DMSO group revealed normal Bowman’s capsule architecture, as well as usual podocytes, mesangial cells, and capsular space in the renal corpuscule (Figure 3a and b).
Autophagy in male reproduction
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Yinci Zhu, Qingqing Yin, Dandan Wei, Zhenyu Yang, Yanzhi Du, Yi Ma
During spermiogenesis, the haploid spermatids undergo a series of metamorphic changes, including chromatin condensation, centriole remodeling, acrosome and flagella formation, residual body phagocytosis and others to form spermatozoa. The spermatozoa are subsequently released into the tubule lumen in a process called spermiation (Schlatt and Ehmcke 2014; Khire et al. 2016). The acrosome is a membranous-capped organelle that encircles the anterior part of the sperm, and it possesses an internal acid pH and many hydrolyases that are characteristic of lysosomes (Wang H. et al. 2014). However, the acrosome is larger than the lysosome in mammalian cells, and for this reason, researchers hypothesized that the acrosome originated from the modification of the autolysosome. After Atg7 was knocked out in mouse germ cells, the Atg7-mutant mice were almost completely sterile with malformed acrosomes, which was similar to human globozoospermia. Further study suggested that LC3 might function as an intermediary in the fusion and transportation of Golgi apparatus-derived proacrosomal granules. After fusion with acrosomes, LC3 was recycled or degraded, which was analogous to its roles in the induction of autophagy. Thus, ATG7 and the entire autophagy molecular machinery were likely to have participated in acrosome biogenesis and the acrosome reaction (Wang H. et al. 2014). Apart from the acrosome biogenesis defect, follow-up research revealed that the ‘9 + 2’ structure of the sperm flagellum and cytoplasm removal were impaired after the knockout of Atg7 in the mouse germ cells, and these impairments may result from the disrupted F-actin and microtubules (MTs) in the testis. The negative cytoskeleton organization regulator, PDLIM1, accumulated after Atg7 was knocked out; therefore, the disassembled cytoskeleton organization led to abnormal spermatid differentiation (Shang et al. 2016).
Preparation of long-acting microspheres loaded with octreotide for the treatment of portal hypertensive
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Bing Han, Huan Tang, Qiming Liang, Ming Zhu, Yizhuo Xie, Jinglin Chen, Qianwen Li, Juan Jia, Yan Li, Zhihui Ren, Dengli Cong, Xiaofeng Yu, Dayun Sui, Jin Pei
In the blank control group, cells in the intima, media and adventitia of the vein were normal, and the cytoplasm and nucleus were also normal (Figure 9(A,B)). In the sham operation group, cells in media and adventitia of vein were normal, as well as the cytoplasm and nucleus inside (Figure 9(C,D)). In the model group, platelets could be seen inside the vessel. The integrity of the endothelial basement membrane was damaged, and the connection was loose. Endothelial cells, in folded shapes, were removed and were in different degrees of degeneration. The intima of the veins was exposed, and platelets adhered to the endothelium. The smooth muscle, elastic membrane and elastic fiber of the media were in a disordered arrangement. Some of the elastic plates ruptured, necrotic tissues and scattered smooth muscle cells could be seen, and the smooth muscle layer was significantly thickened. Smooth muscle cells increased in size with degeneration, the mitochondria in the cells increased, and residual body and lipofuscin could be seen. Collagen fibers and extracellular matrix increased, and fibroblasts also increased with degeneration (Figure 9(E,F)). In the low-dose Octreotide group, the endothelium dropped and platelets and necrotic tissues could be seen on the surface of the intima. The elastic membrane and smooth muscle were visible in the media, and the smooth muscle was pyknotic. The mitochondria in the smooth muscle cells of the outer membrane increased in number, and exudate was visible. Some smooth muscle cells were stained deeply and homogenously (Figure 9(G,H)). In the middle-dose Octreotide group, endothelial cells dropped, with few remaining. Platelets adhered to the intima surface. The mitochondria in the smooth muscle cells of the media were swollen, with collagen fibers and elastic around; a few necrotic tissues could also be seen. Smooth muscle cells in the adventitia increased in number, with more vacuoles inside the mitochondria (Figure 9(I,J)). In the high-dose Octreotide group, most of the endothelium was exfoliated, but the endothelial residue was visible, with platelets adhered to the surface. The endothelial cells and nucleus were larger. An elastic membrane and smooth muscle cells were observed in the media. Platelet infiltration and aggregation were observed in the intercellular space of the smooth muscle cells. The smooth muscle cell nuclei in the adventitia were irregularly shaped, with less myofilament inside the cytoplasm (Figure 9(K,L)). In the Sandostatin group, most of endothelial cells were exfoliated, but endothelial residue could be observed. The intima was thin, with more platelets adhered to the surface. An elastic membrane and smooth muscle cells were visible, the mitochondria in the smooth muscle cells increased and had vacuoles inside. Many smooth muscle cells existed in the adventitia, with more mitochondria inside. Cells were stained lightly with fewer myofilaments, dense bodies and dense patches (Figure 9(M,N)).