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Non-erythematous lesions
Published in Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard, Differential Diagnosis in Dermatology, 2021
Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard
Malignant melanoma is more likely to occur in: Those with fair or red hair who burn rather than tan in the sun (skin types 1 & 2).Those who have been badly sun burnt on more than one occasion in childhood (< age 18), but not as an adult.Those who have a large number of moles >50. Duration of sun exposure in childhood is linked to number of moles.Those with a past or family history of malignant melanoma.Those with atypical mole syndrome (see p. 210).Giant congential naevus, p. 221.The use of tanning beds before age 35.
The Medicina Plinii Translation
Published in Yvette Hunt, The Medicina Plinii, 2019
It may seem unnecessary to place among these remedies for the body those which relate to beauty, yet it either shames some that they themselves are a redhead, or they indulge in such extravagance that their favourites differ from each other, thus: wanting red hair on boys, and rejecting it on men.
The skin
Published in Angus Clarke, Alex Murray, Julian Sampson, Harper's Practical Genetic Counselling, 2019
Isolation of the gene responsible for red hair colour (usually autosomal recessive) is more relevant to population genetic studies than to genetic counselling but it is beginning to be used in forensic situations. This raises important issues regarding the wider use of genetic approaches in this area.
Evolution of approaches to identify melanoma missing heritability
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Sanger sequencing has also allowed the association of polymorphisms in the Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) gene, which confer the red hair phenotype in an autosomal dominant or recessive manner depending on the variant, and the occurrence of melanoma [24]. This gene, which encodes for the α melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and is highly polymorphic in the Caucasian population, confer a moderate risk of melanoma with mechanisms that are likely not limited to the resulting skin color [25]. In fact, the association of specific MC1R variants and melanoma in dark-skinned individuals, as well as studies on preclinical models [26,27] support the hypothesis that the pheomelanin that accumulates due to specific MC1R variants may act as a carcinogen, even without high UV exposure.
Effect of biotransformation by liver S9 enzymes on the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of melanin extracted from Aspergillus nidulans
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2016
Rita de Cássia Ribeiro Gonçalves, Rodrigo Rezende Kitagawa, Eliana Aparecida Varanda, Maria Stella Gonçalves Raddi, Carla Andrea Leite, Sandra Regina Pombeiro Sponchiado
The balance between the therapeutic and toxicological effects of a given compound is an extremely important measure of its usefulness as a pharmacological drug. Therefore, determining the mutagenic effect of any drug that is under development is mandatory (Munari et al. 2010). Our results demonstrated via the Ames test that the TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102 strains were not mutagenic, whether in the presence or absence of the S9 fraction (Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively). Similar studies using the melanin present in human hair and the TA1535, TA1538, TA98, and TA100 strains showed that the pigment became mutagenic only after treatment with ultraviolet light in the absence of metabolic activation at high concentrations (ranging from 6.8 to 27.5 mg/plate) (Harsanyi et al. 1980). These observations may explain the increased incidence of skin cancer in humans due to sunlight exposure, particularly those with blond and red hair. Miranda et al. (1997) also demonstrated that after irradiation with ultraviolet light the melanin synthesis intermediate 5,6-diidroxindol can lead to the formation of cross-linked DNA molecules.
Association between Weight- and Appearance-related Bullying in High School and Postsecondary Academic Adaptation in Young Adults
Published in Journal of School Violence, 2021
Iris Fibia Stamate, Annie Aimé, Cynthia Gagnon, Aude Villatte
Perceived controllability and malleability of weight may also have a role to play in our findings. Past research has shown that youth with overweight are perceived as being responsible and to blame for their weight (Crandall & Reser, 2005; Escoto et al., 2012). They can be viewed as lazy, less motivated, and lacking in self-discipline, self-control, and willpower (Loomis et al., 2001; Puhl & King, 2013). For their part, youth with acne or red hair may be perceived as having no control over these physical characteristics and underweight youth may be seen as more in control of their eating. Thus, youth with overweight could be more likely than the others included in this study to be stigmatized and treated unfairly. In fact, people tend to think that everyone has the power to lose weight by adhering to a healthy lifestyle and thus that obesity could be avoided or cured (O’Keeffea et al., 2020). Teachers are not exempt from bias against weight and could present potentially stigmatizing attitudes toward students with overweight and obesity (Puhl & Latner, 2007). Such bias and negative attitudes can bring about discriminating behaviors and negatively affect the teachers’ perceptions of their students’ abilities (Nutter et al., 2019). To avoid facing negative judgments or their teachers’ lower expectations of them, students bullied because of overweight could be more at risk of considering dropping out of school and of investing less time and effort in their academic environment than people bullied because of appearance reasons such as hair color, acne, breast size or personal clothing style. They may also adopt such avoidance behaviors to protect themselves and preserve their self-esteem, which may already be low (Logi Kristjánsson et al., 2010).